Cosmological Ice Ages Solved: the greatest mysteries of all time! Where was our sun born? What took Earth out of a billion year ice age? What made all the coal, oil and limestone? How did Earth get a 20.8% oxygen atmosphere? Where did the energy come from to make all the coal, oil and limestone? Who, what, when and why was the moon brought into orbit around Earth?
By Henry Kroll 384 pages 8.5 by 11; quality trade paperback (soft cover); Catalog #08-0164; ISBN 1-4251-7062-5; US$31.35, C$31.35, EUR21.42, £16.19
About the Book
I plotted our sun’s course through space to discover that our sun was born in the constellation Orion. After the planets were formed Earth was covered with a five-mile-thick coating of ice one billion years with an atmospheric pressure of over 750-pounds per square inch. Sunlight could not penetrate such an atmosphere extending over 3,000-miles above the planet. Right now if you go up 50-miles you are in space.
We eventually drifted near the 3.5-solar mass Sirius multiple star-system. Little Sirius B (1.5 solar masses) orbiting Sirius A at 8 to 12 astronomical units (AU) grabbed hold of our sun and putt it into a nice circular orbit around Sirius A. (One astronomical unit is the distance between the Earth and the Sun of 93,000,000 miles.)
Our sun does not have enough power to keep us out of the ice ages. It was the additional light and heat from Sirius star system that melted the billion-year Huronian Glaciation where mile-deep sheets of ice covered the ocean and a 5-mile deep ice covered the single continent known as Pangaea.
The little white dwarf Sirius B, the size of the Earth putting out more than 100 times the ultraviolet light of our Sun is the only object out there with enough power to break through ancient Earth's thick 750 PSI thick 3,000-mile deep atmosphere to get life started in the oceans.
You got to understand the white dwarfs put out tremendous, incomprehensible energy in the invisible ultraviolet light spectrum of 350 to 400 nano meter range and we are traveling toward Sirius A and B right now at 7.5 kilometer per second.
Diatoms that can multiply eight times in 24 hours given 24-hours of light from multiple star systems and enough carbon and warm temperatures filled up the ocean with their dead bodies (calcium carbonate) created most all our crude oil. They are also responsible for releasing most of our free oxygen. The evolved different shapes to take advantage of different wave lengths of UV light in at different depths in the oceans.
Over time the 750 PSI carbon dioxide atmosphere was laid down as coal, oil and limestone using photosynthesis and light from Sirius A and B.
About seven years ago scientist took plaster casts of dinosaur chest cavities to determine that they couldn't' live in today's ratified 14.5 pounds per square inch atmosphere. The atmosphere at the time of the dinosaurs had to be between 30 and 60 PSI to keep them alive. Everything was more lush and rich in ancient times and there were at least three suns in the sky.
During the Carboniferous Era 350 to 400-million years ago, the atmosphere had to be between 300 to 400 pounds per square inch and about 1,500 miles deep. Out sun could not pierce such a thick atmosphere. In fact, you would probably never see the sun if you were standing on Earth at that time. The Carboniferous Era created limestone layers up to 12,500 feet thick and coal layers 100 feet thick. Most of our oil was laid down during this time.
There is only one thing out there powerful enough to penetrate a 1,500-mild deep atmosphere and we are heading toward it right now at 7.5 kilometers per second. It puts out more than 100 times the ultraviolet light of our sun. It is in a 54-year orbit around a two-solar mass star that puts out four to six times the light of our sun. This star system is only 8 light years away and our orbit period is 105,000 years which matches our present Ice Age cycle.
I used an online impact computer to determine the impact would depress Earth's crust 5 kilometers and it would bounce back up to 1.3 kilometers. The Arctic Ocean has an average depth of 1.3 kilometers and a deep area of 5 kilometers. The impact tilted Earth 23.5 degrees killing off all the tribes, camels, horses, and mastodons in North America and piled up heaps of bones in Siberia. Mastodons were found quick frozen with green food in their mouths and in their stomachs. I believe that this was the same event 12,500 years ago that gave Noah a wild ride to the mountains of Ararat.
If you take a protractor and connect the Great lakes with Lake Victoria, Great Bear Lake and Great Slave lake and extend it around to cover the fjords of Norway and Great Britain the center of the ark will be near the south tip of Greenland. During the last Ice Age the ice covered parts of Kansas and Georgia but California and the Redwoods were spared. This is more evidence that Earth's rotational pole was near the south part of Greenland.
If you look at Antarctica the ice cap extended to Hobart Island of Australia and the fjords of the south island of New Zealand. Note how the Great Bite of Australia has a constant radius as if carved out by a giant ice cap.
Parts of Antarctica were not covered with ice and were mapped by the ancient Egyptians or Atlanteans as evidenced by the extremely accurate Piri Reis map.
Bouncing the Moon off the Earth put it out into a more circular orbit around the sun causing the year to be 5 1/4 days longer. It used to be 360 days--the same number as the number of degrees in a circle.Tilting Earth 23.5 degrees allowed sunlight to thaw back the ice caps 1,600 miles doubling arable land and sunlight to penetrate the oceans at a higher angel of incidence. This doubled the plankton growth and fish populations all of which made the Earth more inhabitable for larger populations of humans and animals.
If you rotate the globe to where the Hawaiian Island chain is parallel to the equator you can see where the rotational pole used to be near the south tip of Greenland. That is why Greenland is still covered with ice today.
The moon chapter is very difficult to understand. I couldn't wrap my mind around the fact that the moon was responsible for tilting the Earth because I was taught in grade school. However, using basic logic it is the only object up there with enough mass to tilt Earth in 20 minutes. Lake Titicaca was at sea level but the antipode effect pushed it up 10,000 feet. Antarctica was also raised up several thousand feet.
The gravity of the moon of 2 E 20 Joules per second increased volcanism which replenished Earth atmosphere with more Co2 and heated up the core of the Earth to warm it. There is so much more that I can't write it here. You have to get the book...
I know many of you will not believe any of this and I didn't either--until I did the research. It started on Google Earth when I was looking impact evidence in mountain ranges with a constant radius.
I worked a whole year on this chapter and discovered much more additional data that reinforces my idea of when, where and why it was brought into orbit around Earth.
From: IN THE BEGINNING by Immanuel Velikovsky
The Earth Without the Moon
The period when the Earth was Moonless is probably the most remote
recollection of mankind. Democritus and Anaxagoras taught that there was a time
when the Earth was without the Moon.(1) Aristotle
wrote that Arcadia Greece
Apollonius of Rhodes mentioned the time “when not all the orbs were yet in the heavens, before the Danai and Deukalion races came into existence, and only the Arcadians lived, of whom it is said that they dwelt on mountains and fed on acorns, before there was a moon.” (3)
Plutarch wrote in The Roman Questions: “There were Arcadians of Evander’s following, the so-called pre-Lunar people.”(4) Similarly wrote Ovid: “The Arcadians are said to have possessed their land before the birth of Jove, and the folk is older than the Moon.” (5) Hippolytus refers to a legend that “Arcadia
Censorinus also alludes to the time in the past when there was no moon in the sky.(8)
Some allusions to the time before there was a Moon may be found also in the Scriptures. In Job 25:5 the grandeur of the Lord who “Makes peace in the heights” is praised and the time is mentioned “before [there was] a moon and it did not shine.” Also in Psalm 72:5 it is said: “Thou wast feared since [the time of] the sun and before [the time of] the moon, a generation of generations.” A “generation of generations” means a very long time. Of course, it is of no use to counter this psalm with the myth of the first chapter of Genesis, a tale brought down from exotic and later sources.
The memory of a world without a moon lives in oral tradition among the Indians. The Indians of theBogota
There are currently three theories of the origin of the moon:
1) The Moon originated at the same time as the Earth, being formed substantially from the same material, aggregating and solidifying.
2) The Moon was formed not in the vicinity of the Earth, but in a different part of the solar system, and was later captured by the Earth.
3) The Moon was originally a portion of the terrestrial crust and was torn out, leaving behind the bed of the Pacific.
All three theories claim the presence of the Moon on an orbit around the Earth for billions of years. Mythology may supply each of these views with some support (Genesis I for the first view; the birth of Aphrodite from the sea for the third view; Aphrodite’s origin in the disruption of Uranus, and also the violence of Sin—the Babylonian Moon—seems to support the second view).
Since mankind on both sides of the Atlantic preserved the memory of a time when the Earth was without the Moon, the first hypothesis, namely, of the Moon originating simultaneously with the Earth and in its vicinity, is to be excluded, leaving the other two hypotheses to compete between themselves.
We have seen that the traditions of diverse peoples offer corroborative testimony to the effect that in a very early age, but still in the memory of mankind, no moon accompanied the Earth.(10) Since human beings already peopled the Earth, it is improbable that the Moon sprang from it: there must have existed a solid lithosphere, not a liquid earth. Thus while I do not claim to know the origin of the Moon, I find it more probable that the Moon was captured by the Earth. Such an event would have occurred as a catastrophe.(11) If the Moon’s formation took place away from the Earth,(12) its composition may be quite different.
There is no evidence to suggest whether the Moon was a planet, a satellite of another planet, or a comet at the time of its capture by the Earth. Whatever atmosphere it may have had(13) was pulled away by the Earth, by other contacting bodies, or dissipated in some other way.
Since the time the Moon began to accompany the Earth, it underwent the influence of contacts with comets and planets that passed near the Earth in subsequent ages. The mass of the Moon being less than that of the Earth, the Moon must have suffered greater disturbances in cosmic contacts. During these contacts the Moon was not carried away: this is due to the fact that no body more powerful than the Earth came sufficiently close to the Moon to take it away from the Earth for good; but in the contacts that took place the Moon was removed repeatedly from one orbit to another.
The variations in the position of the Moon can be read in the variations in the length of the month. The length of the month repeatedly changed in subseqent catastrophic events—and for this there exists a large amount of supporting evidence. In these later occurrences the Moon played a passive role, and Zeus in the Iliad advised it (Aphrodite) to stay out of the battle in which Athene and Ares (Venus and Mars) were the main contestants.
References
A Brighter Moon
Many traditions persist that at some time in the past the Moon was much
brighter than it is now, and larger in appearance than the Sun. In many
rabbinical sources it is stated that the Sun and the Moon were equally bright
at first.(1)
The same statement was made to de Sahagun by the aborigines of the New World : “the Sun and the moon had equal light in the
past.” (2)
At the other end of the world the Japanese asserted the same: the Nihongi
Chronicle says that in the past “the radiance of the moon was next to that of
the sun in splendor.” (3)
Traditions of many peoples maintain that the Moon lost a large part of its light and became much dimmer than it had been in earlier ages.(4)
In order that the Sun and the Moon should give off comparable light, the Moon must have had an atmosphere with a high albedo (refracting power)(5) or it must have been much closer to the earth. In the latter case the Moon would have appeared larger than the Sun. In fact, the Babylonian astronomers computed the visible diameter of the Sun as only two-thirds of the visible diameter of the Moon, which makes a relation of four to nine for the illuminating surfaces. This measure surprised modern scholars, who are aware of the exactness of the measurements made by the Babylonian astronomers and who reason that during the eclipses one can easily observe the approximate equality of the visible disks.(6)
References
The Worship of the Moon
Because of its size and also because of the events which accompanied the first
appearance of the Moon, many ancient peoples regarded the Moon as the chief of
the two luminaries. “The sun was of smaller importance than the moon in the
eyes of the Babylonian astrologers.” (1)
The Assyrians and the Chaldeans referred to the time of the Moon-god as the oldest period in the memory of the people: before other planetary gods came to dominate the world ages, the Moon was the supreme deity. Such references are found in the inscriptions of Sargon II (ca. -720)(2) and Nabonidus (ca. -550).(3) The Babylonian Sin—the Moon—was a very ancient deity:Mount
Sinai owes its name to Sin.
The Moon, appearing as a body larger than the Sun, was endowed by the imagination of the peoples with a masculine role, while the Sun was assigned a feminine role. Many languages reserved a masculine name for the Moon.(4) It was probably when the Moon was removed to a greater distance from the earth and became smaller to observers on the earth, that another name, usually feminine, came to designate the Moon in most languages.(5)
References
We have lost 98% of the atmosphere on this planet. It is now 14.5 pounds per square inch. We have a limited time to get our act together and get off the planet to seed life in other biospheres. www.GuardDogBooks.com Wholesale orders (20 or more): Trafford.com Trafford.com.uk
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By Henry Kroll 384 pages 8.5 by 11; quality trade paperback (soft cover); Catalog #08-0164; ISBN 1-4251-7062-5; US$31.35, C$31.35, EUR21.42, £16.19
About the Book
I plotted our sun’s course through space to discover that our sun was born in the constellation Orion. After the planets were formed Earth was covered with a five-mile-thick coating of ice one billion years with an atmospheric pressure of over 750-pounds per square inch. Sunlight could not penetrate such an atmosphere extending over 3,000-miles above the planet. Right now if you go up 50-miles you are in space.
We eventually drifted near the 3.5-solar mass Sirius multiple star-system. Little Sirius B (1.5 solar masses) orbiting Sirius A at 8 to 12 astronomical units (AU) grabbed hold of our sun and putt it into a nice circular orbit around Sirius A. (One astronomical unit is the distance between the Earth and the Sun of 93,000,000 miles.)
Our sun does not have enough power to keep us out of the ice ages. It was the additional light and heat from Sirius star system that melted the billion-year Huronian Glaciation where mile-deep sheets of ice covered the ocean and a 5-mile deep ice covered the single continent known as Pangaea.
The little white dwarf Sirius B, the size of the Earth putting out more than 100 times the ultraviolet light of our Sun is the only object out there with enough power to break through ancient Earth's thick 750 PSI thick 3,000-mile deep atmosphere to get life started in the oceans.
You got to understand the white dwarfs put out tremendous, incomprehensible energy in the invisible ultraviolet light spectrum of 350 to 400 nano meter range and we are traveling toward Sirius A and B right now at 7.5 kilometer per second.
Diatoms that can multiply eight times in 24 hours given 24-hours of light from multiple star systems and enough carbon and warm temperatures filled up the ocean with their dead bodies (calcium carbonate) created most all our crude oil. They are also responsible for releasing most of our free oxygen. The evolved different shapes to take advantage of different wave lengths of UV light in at different depths in the oceans.
Over time the 750 PSI carbon dioxide atmosphere was laid down as coal, oil and limestone using photosynthesis and light from Sirius A and B.
About seven years ago scientist took plaster casts of dinosaur chest cavities to determine that they couldn't' live in today's ratified 14.5 pounds per square inch atmosphere. The atmosphere at the time of the dinosaurs had to be between 30 and 60 PSI to keep them alive. Everything was more lush and rich in ancient times and there were at least three suns in the sky.
During the Carboniferous Era 350 to 400-million years ago, the atmosphere had to be between 300 to 400 pounds per square inch and about 1,500 miles deep. Out sun could not pierce such a thick atmosphere. In fact, you would probably never see the sun if you were standing on Earth at that time. The Carboniferous Era created limestone layers up to 12,500 feet thick and coal layers 100 feet thick. Most of our oil was laid down during this time.
There is only one thing out there powerful enough to penetrate a 1,500-mild deep atmosphere and we are heading toward it right now at 7.5 kilometers per second. It puts out more than 100 times the ultraviolet light of our sun. It is in a 54-year orbit around a two-solar mass star that puts out four to six times the light of our sun. This star system is only 8 light years away and our orbit period is 105,000 years which matches our present Ice Age cycle.
I used an online impact computer to determine the impact would depress Earth's crust 5 kilometers and it would bounce back up to 1.3 kilometers. The Arctic Ocean has an average depth of 1.3 kilometers and a deep area of 5 kilometers. The impact tilted Earth 23.5 degrees killing off all the tribes, camels, horses, and mastodons in North America and piled up heaps of bones in Siberia. Mastodons were found quick frozen with green food in their mouths and in their stomachs. I believe that this was the same event 12,500 years ago that gave Noah a wild ride to the mountains of Ararat.
If you take a protractor and connect the Great lakes with Lake Victoria, Great Bear Lake and Great Slave lake and extend it around to cover the fjords of Norway and Great Britain the center of the ark will be near the south tip of Greenland. During the last Ice Age the ice covered parts of Kansas and Georgia but California and the Redwoods were spared. This is more evidence that Earth's rotational pole was near the south part of Greenland.
If you look at Antarctica the ice cap extended to Hobart Island of Australia and the fjords of the south island of New Zealand. Note how the Great Bite of Australia has a constant radius as if carved out by a giant ice cap.
Parts of Antarctica were not covered with ice and were mapped by the ancient Egyptians or Atlanteans as evidenced by the extremely accurate Piri Reis map.
Bouncing the Moon off the Earth put it out into a more circular orbit around the sun causing the year to be 5 1/4 days longer. It used to be 360 days--the same number as the number of degrees in a circle.Tilting Earth 23.5 degrees allowed sunlight to thaw back the ice caps 1,600 miles doubling arable land and sunlight to penetrate the oceans at a higher angel of incidence. This doubled the plankton growth and fish populations all of which made the Earth more inhabitable for larger populations of humans and animals.
If you rotate the globe to where the Hawaiian Island chain is parallel to the equator you can see where the rotational pole used to be near the south tip of Greenland. That is why Greenland is still covered with ice today.
The moon chapter is very difficult to understand. I couldn't wrap my mind around the fact that the moon was responsible for tilting the Earth because I was taught in grade school. However, using basic logic it is the only object up there with enough mass to tilt Earth in 20 minutes. Lake Titicaca was at sea level but the antipode effect pushed it up 10,000 feet. Antarctica was also raised up several thousand feet.
The gravity of the moon of 2 E 20 Joules per second increased volcanism which replenished Earth atmosphere with more Co2 and heated up the core of the Earth to warm it. There is so much more that I can't write it here. You have to get the book...
I know many of you will not believe any of this and I didn't either--until I did the research. It started on Google Earth when I was looking impact evidence in mountain ranges with a constant radius.
I worked a whole year on this chapter and discovered much more additional data that reinforces my idea of when, where and why it was brought into orbit around Earth.
From: IN THE BEGINNING by Immanuel Velikovsky
The Earth Without the Moon
The period when the Earth was Moonless is probably the most remote
recollection of mankind. Democritus and Anaxagoras taught that there was a time
when the Earth was without the Moon.(1) Aristotle
wrote that Apollonius of Rhodes mentioned the time “when not all the orbs were yet in the heavens, before the Danai and Deukalion races came into existence, and only the Arcadians lived, of whom it is said that they dwelt on mountains and fed on acorns, before there was a moon.” (3)
Plutarch wrote in The Roman Questions: “There were Arcadians of Evander’s following, the so-called pre-Lunar people.”(4) Similarly wrote Ovid: “The Arcadians are said to have possessed their land before the birth of Jove, and the folk is older than the Moon.” (5) Hippolytus refers to a legend that “
Censorinus also alludes to the time in the past when there was no moon in the sky.(8)
Some allusions to the time before there was a Moon may be found also in the Scriptures. In Job 25:5 the grandeur of the Lord who “Makes peace in the heights” is praised and the time is mentioned “before [there was] a moon and it did not shine.” Also in Psalm 72:5 it is said: “Thou wast feared since [the time of] the sun and before [the time of] the moon, a generation of generations.” A “generation of generations” means a very long time. Of course, it is of no use to counter this psalm with the myth of the first chapter of Genesis, a tale brought down from exotic and later sources.
The memory of a world without a moon lives in oral tradition among the Indians. The Indians of the
There are currently three theories of the origin of the moon:
1) The Moon originated at the same time as the Earth, being formed substantially from the same material, aggregating and solidifying.
2) The Moon was formed not in the vicinity of the Earth, but in a different part of the solar system, and was later captured by the Earth.
3) The Moon was originally a portion of the terrestrial crust and was torn out, leaving behind the bed of the Pacific.
All three theories claim the presence of the Moon on an orbit around the Earth for billions of years. Mythology may supply each of these views with some support (Genesis I for the first view; the birth of Aphrodite from the sea for the third view; Aphrodite’s origin in the disruption of Uranus, and also the violence of Sin—the Babylonian Moon—seems to support the second view).
Since mankind on both sides of the Atlantic preserved the memory of a time when the Earth was without the Moon, the first hypothesis, namely, of the Moon originating simultaneously with the Earth and in its vicinity, is to be excluded, leaving the other two hypotheses to compete between themselves.
We have seen that the traditions of diverse peoples offer corroborative testimony to the effect that in a very early age, but still in the memory of mankind, no moon accompanied the Earth.(10) Since human beings already peopled the Earth, it is improbable that the Moon sprang from it: there must have existed a solid lithosphere, not a liquid earth. Thus while I do not claim to know the origin of the Moon, I find it more probable that the Moon was captured by the Earth. Such an event would have occurred as a catastrophe.(11) If the Moon’s formation took place away from the Earth,(12) its composition may be quite different.
There is no evidence to suggest whether the Moon was a planet, a satellite of another planet, or a comet at the time of its capture by the Earth. Whatever atmosphere it may have had(13) was pulled away by the Earth, by other contacting bodies, or dissipated in some other way.
Since the time the Moon began to accompany the Earth, it underwent the influence of contacts with comets and planets that passed near the Earth in subsequent ages. The mass of the Moon being less than that of the Earth, the Moon must have suffered greater disturbances in cosmic contacts. During these contacts the Moon was not carried away: this is due to the fact that no body more powerful than the Earth came sufficiently close to the Moon to take it away from the Earth for good; but in the contacts that took place the Moon was removed repeatedly from one orbit to another.
The variations in the position of the Moon can be read in the variations in the length of the month. The length of the month repeatedly changed in subseqent catastrophic events—and for this there exists a large amount of supporting evidence. In these later occurrences the Moon played a passive role, and Zeus in the Iliad advised it (Aphrodite) to stay out of the battle in which Athene and Ares (Venus and Mars) were the main contestants.
References
2. Aristotle,
fr. 591 (ed. V. Rose [Teubner:Tuebingen, 1886] ). Cf. Pauly’s
Realencyclopaedie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, article “Mond” ;
H. Roscher, Lexicon d. griech. und roemisch. Mythologie, article
“Proselenes.”
9. A.
von Humboldt, Vues des Cordillères (1816), English transl.: Researches
Concerning the Institutions and Monuments of the Ancient Inhabitants of
America, (1814), vol. I, p. 87; cf. H. Fischer, In mondener Welt (1930),
p. 145.
10. [In
addition to the sources cited above, cf. The Nihongi Chronicles of Japan
(I.ii, in Transactions and Proceedings of the Japanese Society, vol. I
[1896]) which recount how “Heaven and Earth . . . produced the Moon-god.” The Kalevala
of the Finns recalls a time “when the Moon was placed in orbit.” (Rune III.35)]
11. [Cf.
the effects of such an event on the Earth’s rotation calculated by H.
Gerstenkorn in Zeitschrift fuer Astrophysik, 36 (1955), p. 245; cf.
idem, in Mantles of the Earth and the Terrestrial Planets, S. K. Runcorn
ed., (New York, 1967); also idem in Icarus 9 (1968), p. 394.]
12. [Cf.
H. Alfven and G. Arrhenius, “Two Alternatives for the History of the Moon,” Science
165 (1969), 11ff.; S. F. Singer and L. W. Banderman, “Where was the Moon
Formed?” Science 170 (1970), 438-439: “ . . . The moon was formed
independently of the earth and later captured, presumably by a three-body
interaction, and these events were followed by the dissipation of the excess
energy through tidal friction in a close encounter.” More recently, a study of
lunar paleotides has shown that “the Moon could not have been formed in orbit
around the Earth” (A. J. Anderson, “Lunar Paleotides and the Origin of the
Earth-Moon System,” The Moon and the Planets, 19 [1978], 409-417).
Because of a certain degree of instability in the Sun-Earth-Moon system, “the
planetary origin and capture of the Moon by the Earth becomes a strong dynamic
possibility.” (V. Szebehely and R. McKenzie, “Stability of the Sun-Earth-Moon
System,” The Astronomical Journal 82 (1977), 303ff.].
13. [Cf.
Yu. B. Chernyak, “On Recent Lunar Atmosphere,” Nature, 273 (15 June, 1978 ), pp. 497ff.
The author found “strong theoretical evidence of a considerable atmosphere on
the Moon during the greater part of its history.”]
A Brighter Moon
Many traditions persist that at some time in the past the Moon was much
brighter than it is now, and larger in appearance than the Sun. In many
rabbinical sources it is stated that the Sun and the Moon were equally bright
at first.(1)
The same statement was made to de Sahagun by the aborigines of the Traditions of many peoples maintain that the Moon lost a large part of its light and became much dimmer than it had been in earlier ages.(4)
In order that the Sun and the Moon should give off comparable light, the Moon must have had an atmosphere with a high albedo (refracting power)(5) or it must have been much closer to the earth. In the latter case the Moon would have appeared larger than the Sun. In fact, the Babylonian astronomers computed the visible diameter of the Sun as only two-thirds of the visible diameter of the Moon, which makes a relation of four to nine for the illuminating surfaces. This measure surprised modern scholars, who are aware of the exactness of the measurements made by the Babylonian astronomers and who reason that during the eclipses one can easily observe the approximate equality of the visible disks.(6)
References
1. Targum Yerushalmi,
Genesis 1:16 and Numbers
28:15; Hullin 60b; Midrash Breishith Rabba. Other sources in Ginzberg, Legends
V. 34ff.
2. [B. de Sahagun, Historia
general de las cosas de la Nueva Espana [Cf. the Peruvian tradition
recorded by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa in the sixteenth century, according to
which Viracocha created the Moon brighter than the Sun: Historia de los
Incas, ch. 7.]
3. Nihongi, Chronicles
of Japan
4. Cf. S. Thompson, Motif-index
of Folk Literature (1932); cf. Ginzberg, Legends VI. 35; Handbook
of South American Indians (American Bureau of Ethnology [Washington, 1948],
Vol. II, p. 515).
6. E.
F. Weidner, Beitraege zur Assyriologie VII, Heft 4 (1911), p. 99; cf.
idem, Handbuch der Babylonischer Astronomie (1915), p. 131. Cf.
“Gewichte” by Lehmann-Haupt in Pauly-Wissowa Supplements.
The Worship of the Moon
Because of its size and also because of the events which accompanied the first
appearance of the Moon, many ancient peoples regarded the Moon as the chief of
the two luminaries. “The sun was of smaller importance than the moon in the
eyes of the Babylonian astrologers.” (1) The Assyrians and the Chaldeans referred to the time of the Moon-god as the oldest period in the memory of the people: before other planetary gods came to dominate the world ages, the Moon was the supreme deity. Such references are found in the inscriptions of Sargon II (ca. -720)(2) and Nabonidus (ca. -550).(3) The Babylonian Sin—the Moon—was a very ancient deity:
The Moon, appearing as a body larger than the Sun, was endowed by the imagination of the peoples with a masculine role, while the Sun was assigned a feminine role. Many languages reserved a masculine name for the Moon.(4) It was probably when the Moon was removed to a greater distance from the earth and became smaller to observers on the earth, that another name, usually feminine, came to designate the Moon in most languages.(5)
References
1. C. Bezold in Boll, Sternglaube
und Sterndeutung, p. 4. [In Babylonian cosmology the Moon-god Sin (Nanna)
was considered to be the father of the Sun-god Shamash (Utu) and was commonly
addressed as “father Sin” (S. Langdon, Sumerian and Babylonian Psalms
[1909), p. 193. F .
Cumont noted the prominence of Sin in the earliest historical period in Babylonia and found it “remarkable that at first the
primacy was assigned to the Moon.” (Astrology and Religion among the Greeks
and Romans, p. 124; cf. Lewy, “The Late Assyro-Babylonian Cult of the Moon”
). According to the Dabistan (ch. 29), a Persian work of early Islamic times,
the Ka’abah of Mecca was originally dedicated to the worship of the Moon. On
Moon worship among the ancient Arabs, cf. also Tuch, “Sinaitische Inschriften,”
Zeitschrift des Deutsches Morgenlaendisches Gesellschaft III (1849), p.
202, and Osiander, “Vorislamische Religion der Araber,” ibid., VII
(1853), p. 483. Cf. I. Goldziger, Mythology among the Hebrews and its
Historical Development (1877), p. 72ff. The Greeks regarded the Moon as of
greater importance than the Sun: “The sun’s subordination to the moon . . . is
a remarkable feature of early Greek myth. Helius was not even an Olympian, but
a mere Titan’s [Hyperion’s ] son.” (R. Graves, The Greek Myths [London Peru Brazil
2. See Sargon II’s
“Display Inscription,” lines 110 and 146: “since the distant days of the age of
Nannaru.” Cf. H. Winckler, Himmels und Weltenbild der Babylonier (Leipzig
3. D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient
Records of Assyria (1926-27), II. 870; cf.
J. Lewy, “The Late Assyro-Babylonian Cult of the Moon and its Culmination in
the Time of Nabonidus,” Hebrew
Union College
5. Levana in
Hebrew, Luna in Latin and several of the Romance languages, as well as
Russian, and so on. [Macrobius (Saturnalia VIII. 3) quotes Philochorus
as having said that “men offer sacrifices to the moon dressed as women and
women dressed as men, because the moon is thought to be both male and female.”
(Transl. by P. Davies)].
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