Earth's finite resources

            Life-support shortage?

In 1600 Queen Elizabeth I and a few intimates founded the East India company. Exercising her crown privileges the Queen granted the company limited liability for losses on the part of the enterprise backers. They could lose their money if the ship were lost, but they could not be held liable for the lives of the sailors who were drowned. While the owners could insure and very greatly limit the magnitude of their losses, the sailors and their families could not.

“Ltd.”—limited, in England—and “Inc.”—incorporated in the U. S. A.—and other similar legal definitions in all capitalist countries constitute “for ages uncontested” –ergo, custom-validated and legal-judgments-upheld-royal decrees greatly favoring ig-money capitalism over the mortal, breadwinner-loss-taking vast majority of the poor.

Elizabeth’s East India Company scheme was to have her national navy (and armies) first win mastery of the world’s sea-lanes. This advantage would thereafter e exploited by her privately owned enterprise. This scheme became of the first of such national power structures bids for establishing and maintaining world-trade supremacy through dominance of the world’s ‘high seas’ ocean currents’, trade winds’, critical straits’, and only-seasonably-favorable passages’ world-around line of vital and desirable supplies. All the other world-power-stature individuals who vied for supreme mastery of the world’s high seas lines of supply also operated invisibly through monarchs and nations over whom they had sufficient influence.

Through such behind-the –throne influence the influenced nation’s resources could be politically maneuvered into paying for building and operation pf the navies and armies that would seek to establish and protect their respective privately owned enterprises.

With the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 the British Empire won “the world’s power structures championship” and became historically the first empire “upon which” it is said, “the sun never sets”. This is because it was the first empire in history to embrace the entire spherical planet earth’s 71-percent maritime, 29-percent landed, wealth-producing activities. All precious empires—Genghis Khan’s, Alexander the Great’s, the Roman Empire, et al,-- were all land areas surrounded by the unknown. The British Empire was the world’s first spherically closed finite system.

Building and maintaining the world’s most powerful navy, The British Empire was to maintain its sovereignty of the world’s oceans for 113 years.

In 1800 Thomas Malthus, later professor of political economics of the East India Company College, was the first human in history to receive a comprehensively complete inventory of the world’s vital and economic statistics. The accuracy of the pre-Trafalgar 1800 inventory was verified by a similar world inventory taken by the East India Company in 1810. In a later post-Trafalgar—book Malthus confirmed in 1810 his 1800 finding that world-around humanity was increasing in numbers at a geometrical progression rate while increasing its life-support production at only an arithmetical progression rate, ergo, an increasingly majority of humans would have to live out their short years in want and misery.

“Pray all you want” said Malthus, “it will do you no good. There is no more”

A half-century later Darwin expounded his theory of evolution, assuming that nature’s inexorable processes were the consequences of “the survival only of the fittest species and individuals within those species.”

Karl Marx compounded Malthus’s and Darwin’s scientifically convincingly conclusions and said, in effect, “The worker is obviously the fittest to survive. He is the one who knows how to handle the tools and seeds to produce the life support. The opulent others are ‘parasites’.

The opulent others said, “We are opulent because we demonstrate Darwin’s ‘fittest to survive.’ The workers are dull and visionless. What is needed in this world is big-thinking enterprises, courage, cunning, and fighting skill.”

For the last two centuries these two ideologies have dominated the political affairs of world-around humanity. Each side says you may not like our system, but we are convinced we have the ‘fittest’, fairest, most ingenious, way of coping with the lethal inadequacy of life support operative on the planet, but because there are those who disagree diametrically on how to cope, only all-out war can resolve which system is fittest to survive.”

Those in supreme power politically and economically as of 1980 are as yet convinced that our planet Earth has nowhere nearly enough life support for all humanity. All books on economics have only one basic tenet—the fundamental scarcity of life support. The supreme political and economic powers as yet assume that is has to be either you or me. Not enough for both. The hat is why those in financial advantage fortify themselves even further, reasoning that unselfishness is suicidal. That is why the annual military expenditures of the U.S.S.R., representing socialism and the U.S.A. representing private enterprise have averaged over $200 billion a year for the last thirty years, doubling it to $400 billion –making a thus-far-total of six trillion, money spent in developing the ability to kill ever-more people, at ever-greater distances, in ever-shorter time.

If that money had been spent developing newer and better methods of agriculture and colonizing other planets such as Mars and the Moons of Jupiter there would be no threat of a life-support shortage. There is plenty of real-estate out there for those with enough ambition, intelligence and guts to go get it. Get up off your haunches…   

From my book, COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES

This book is not fiction. Its about where you are going and where you came from.  It is almost 400-pages and measuring 8.5 by 11. Reviewer say it is the most important book to come along in a century. Everybody on Earth needs to understand this.



The gasoline energy that makes your car go down the road didn't come from the sun.  Crude oil was made by diatoms in the oceans when our sun was closer to other stars. The sun couldn't have made the carbon resources because the air pressure during the Carboniferous Era was around 300 pounds per square inch and the average global temperature was between 60 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit. Such an atmosphere would be more than 1,500 miles deep and you would never see the sun. Right now the average global temperature is 32 degrees Fahrenheit.
  
Diatoms have the incredible ability to multiply 8 times in 24 hours given:  24-hours of light in the right spectrum, adequate heat, and carbon dioxide in the water. Diatoms evolved different shapes like snowflakes to take advantage of different wave lengths of UV light at different depths in the oceans.

We are not seeing crude oil being made right now. At the present time Earth has one Sun and the average global temperature is 32 degree Fahrenheit. We are still in the Ice Age. Crude oil was made when the average global temperatures were between 60 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit. 


Campbell and Moore tallied up the red shift of 2,149 nearby bright stars to determine that we (our sun) is traveling toward Hercules at 19.5 kilometers per second. I thought about this for a week and finally drew a line on a star chart from Hercules extending it out past the mid point where we are and it winds up in Orion! Wow! Orion is a birth place for stars and it is the nearest birth place of stars to us. Since we are leaving Orion there is only one conclusion. We were born there!


After our solar system was born in Orion we drifted out into the cold of space. The elements that make up your body and everything mostly came from Orion so you could be an Orionian. Space is cold so Mars and Earth froze over with mile deep sheets of ice over the oceans. On Earth it was known as the Huronian Glaciaion where a five mile-sheet of ice covered the single continent. The temperature hovered around -200 degrees F. There was no way to get out of that billion-year-long Ice age.


Eventually we drifted between the two-solar-mass stars Procyon and Sirius. Little Sirius B, not much bigger than earth -- only 1.5 solar masses came around, grabbed hold of our sun and put our solar system into orbit around Sirius A and B at a distance of about 25 AU. One AU is the distance between the Earth and the sun.

We became part of the Sirius system for the next 700-million years. It was the intense UV from Sirius B putting out more than 100 times the UV of our sun that was capable of piercing Earth's thick 750 PSI atmosphere that was over 3,000 miles deep. (Right now Earth atmosphere is only 60-miles deep and only 14.5 PSI. We have lost 98% of the air on this planet.) It was the light from Sirius A and B that created most all of the carbon resources; coal, oil and limestone. When you burn the stuff you are releasing stellar energy back into the environment in the form of infrared photons (heat) and locking up the free oxygen with carbon. 

After our capture by the Sirius multiple star System Earth's average global temperatures went up to 60 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit. During the Carboniferous diatoms filled up the oceans and coal layers 100 feet thick were formed. Limestone which is carbon and calcium was laid down in layers up to 12,500 thick some places. The Earth did not look like the picture below because it had a very thick atmosphere of 750 PSI. You would never see the surface and no sunlight could reach the surface.

If there were people living on planets in the Sirius system they would have witnessed our Sun's capture. In would make sense if they sent small rockets over to seed Earth's ocean. Later when it had breathable oxygen atmosphere they could have colonized Mars and Earth.

I'me sorry all this seems complicated but that's just the way it is. Advanced life forms--especially intelligent ones cannot evolve around single star systems. It takes multiple star systems and the power of a white dwarf putting out 100 times the UV of our sun in the 350 to 400 nanometer range to pierce thick atmospheres with UV light to make plants grow. This is what created our carbon resources not the sun. The sun is a poor grow light in the wrong frequency spectrum and it doesn't have enough power to keep us out of Ice Ages otherwise we wouldn't have them...  


Also, when you are in close proximity to several stars you run a higher risk of exterminating life on the planets because there is more meteors and killer asteroids flying around at 50,000 miles per hour. Sirius B was 6 solar masses before it became 1.5 solar masses some time before our capture. This means that it ejected about 4.5 solar masses of silicon and iron dust in the neighborhood. Iron dust is good for plankton growth but it eats up oxygen so Earth didn't have a lot of free oxygen until the dust was taken down after a couple hundred million years.


Life may have gotten started on Earth --during the billion-year Huronian Glaciation as a lot of meteor dust and possibly eggs and DNA from other star systems would have collected on the ice. This would explain the explosion of different life forms that suddenly appeared in the Cambrian Era after Sirius A and B thawed the ice.  It was the invention of non-cyclic photosynthesis that produced enough food to allow animal life to exist. That is explained in the below article: 

How the celebration we call life got started.

HOW NON-CYCLIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS JUMP-STARTED LIFE, AND EVERYTHING THAT FILLS A NICH.
True plants use carbon dioxide and water (along with nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil) to make organic compounds and produce oxygen as a waste product. When the plant needs to use any of the energy it stored, it uses oxygen to “burn” its fuel, generating water and carbon dioxide as byproducts of that process.

To take advantage of the energy stored in the plants, animals eat the plants directly or eat other animals that do. Like the plants, they use oxygen during metabolism and produce waste water and carbon dioxide. Both plants and animals need additional water for a variety of functions: For example, the transport of nutrients up from the roots is powered by the evaporation of water from the leaves and animals use water to regulate temperature through evaporative cooling and to dispose waste products. A small fraction of the earth’s living things are anaerobic or harvest inorganic chemical energy, and so do not fit into this cycle.

ENERGY CYCLE IN PLANTS
The photon energy: “sunlight” activates electrons, which are removed from the chlorophyll before they can reemit that energy. These “excited” electrons are used to charge a membrane battery, which is used to make the energy transfer compound, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In the process the energized electrons, having been activated days or even years earlier, lose their energy and are discarded in energy poor carbon dioxide. The ATP is used as a carrier for the electron energy. Every organism faced nutrient poor conditions and so for every 99.9 percent of new life forms that evolved only one-tenth of one percent survived while all the rest are now extinct. --James L. Gould, Carol Grant Gould
It was the unique property of water with two hydrogen atoms each with a positive charge and one oxygen atom with a negative charge referred to as nonpolar molecules that allow weak electro static associations (hydrogen bonds). Their unique geometry allowed the self-repairing, bilayer membrane of the living cell. Modern cells protect themselves from the environment with bilayer membranes to which specific chemical doors and pumps have been added to help control molecular in-and-out traffic.
Hydrogen Cyanide, for example, is readily formed from ammonia and methane and then converted into the nucleotide adenine, which is also the backbone of ATP. –Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life, By Richard E. Dickerson; Scientific American, September, 1978
Many meteorites and comets contain abundant inorganically formed organic compounds. Natural selection must have been at work from the very onset, favoring liposomes with the most useful chemistry favoring those with the most useful building blocks and excluding those that might be toxic. At this point in time most organisms were autotrophs—that is, creatures that took energy or energy-rich materials from the nonliving world around them—as apposed to heterotrophs, which eat other organisms (you).


The next step in the evolution of living organisms was the development of cyclic photosynthesis—cyclic because the electron energized by an incoming photon from the sun is quickly returned to the chlorophyll molecule from which it came. Chlorophyll is embedded in a membrane along with the enzymes that steal the activated electron and harvest its energy; that energy is used to charge the membrane, and the electrostatic potential created is later employed to make ATP.

It takes about two photons to charge the membrane; enough to make one ATP, and since photons are free, life must suddenly have been released from dependence on inorganic nutrients synthesis: with photosynthesis! Suddenly there was enough ATP to generate nutrients from simple chemicals like carbon dioxide and ammonia!!! There are still bacteria that employ only cyclic photosynthesis.

There still wasn’t enough ATP available to store large supplies of sugars and starches to give evolution a much needed boost so nature invented the noncyclic process which created eight times more ATP than the cyclic process. In that process the electron energy is boosted in two steps, and so much extra charging and other work is wrung from its energy that eight ATP’s can be made from two activated electrons because the electron is not returned to the chlorophyll but is handed to an energy-storage molecule instead; the missing electron is obtained by splitting water, which generates oxygen as a waste product.


To put it another way, the electron end up in a multipurpose energy compound that can be used directly to power carbon fixation to charge the membrane for subsequent ATP production. The missing electron in the first chlorophyll is replaced with one obtained by splitting water, a process that liberates oxygen.
Most photoautotrophs (all true plants) use the more efficient noncyclic process with the eight-fold increase in energy production.

Because eight times more ATP was being produced by all the plants they were able to create more energy storage in the form of carbon-based, starches and sugars. The noncyclic process not only created more free oxygen it also allowed millions of other life forms to evolve to feed on the extra, eight-fold energy created by this process. This is why we have coal, oil and limestone on Earth plus myriads of other oxygen-breathing animals like Hillary Clinton.

--The Assembly of Cell Membranes by Mark S. Bretscher; Scientific American, October 1985
--The Photosynthetic Membrane by By Kenneth R. Miller Scientific American, October 1979
--Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis by Douglas C Youvan and Barry L. Marrs; Scientific American, June 1984
--Cytochrome C and the Evolution of Energy Metabolism, by Richard E. Dickerson, Scientific American, March 1980 Offprint 146
Me: Captain Hank Kroll 
www.GuardDogbooks.com


About three million years ago something blew up in Orion and kicked out Sun into an elliptical orbit around Sirius. The only thing I can correlate this with is the Banard's Loop explosion. Now we go out to nine light years and stop. Nobody can tell we are in orbit around anything and they won't look. Right now we are at 8 light years from Sirius  and heading back toward Sirius at 7.5 kilometers per second. 

We are not seeing any carbon resources being made because we are still in the Ice Age with average global temperatures of 32 degrees Fahrenheit. 


We will accelerate to about 200 kilometers per second and come to within 1/10th light year of Sirius A and B. The incoming UV light to Earth will be doubled. We can compute that because we know the distance and output of hose stars compared to our Sun. 

The point of this book is to increase consciousness as to where we came from, where we are going and what we should be doing. Given the fact that the very existence of self-aware life forms are probably extremely rare, maybe we should try to preserve that intelligence. Instead of sitting down here making carbon merchants richer maybe we should be getting off the planet to seed life elsewhere? 
www.AlaskaPublishing.com

WRONG EVOLUTIONARY PATH

                            CARBON ENERGY SCIENCE

©By Henry Kroll

                        From my book, COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES

            The bulk of the energy consumed on this planet is still generated by the burning of carbon. Where did all the carbon come from, you ask? 
            After our sun left its birthplace in Orion Earth and Mars went into the Huronian Glaciation where mile deep sheets of ice covered the single ocean and there was five-mile deep inc on the single continent known as Pangaea. All of the carbon at the core of the Earth came from the dust clouds in Orion. The iron in your blood, the calcium in your bones and the other elements that make up our reality mostly came from Orion however some of it is space dust.
            At that time about 700-million years ago Earth had a high pressure carbon dioxide atmosphere of around 750 pounds per square inch. The atmosphere extended three thousand miles above the planet. There was no way for sunlight to get through such an atmosphere to make the plankton bloom in the oceans to release free oxygen. A billion years is a long time to drift in the cold of space. {SIRIUS A and little SIRIUS B below.}

              








































         {You got to understand that it's difficult to get good pictures of Sirius B because the light is invisible and glass lenses filter out UV.} 


Our solar  system eventually drifted between the the two giant stars Procyon and Sirius. These giant two-solar-mass, stars may have been swapped into out galaxy during one of many past galactic collisions. Sirius B used to be 6 solar masses before it became a white dwarf ejecting 3.5 solar masses of silicon and iron in the neighborhood. Earth collected a lot of that iron dust which bound up the free oxygen as soon as it was released by plants. We were much closer to Sirius A and little Sirius B and Sirius B with 1.5 solar masses (more gravity than our Sun) came around, grabbed hold of our Sun and put it into a nice tight orbit around Sirius A.


We became part of the Sirius System for the next 750-million years. Sirius B puts out more than 100 times the Ultraviolet Light of our sun in the invisible 350 to 400 nano meter wave length. Plants, however like this light. 


Sirius B is the only thing out there capable of penetrating a 3,000-mile deep atmosphere. The reason I wrote the huge book was to make people understand where coal, oil, gas and limestone come from. When you are driving down the road most of the energy that makes your car move came from Sirius B!
  
{You can read all about the history of Earth in my book, COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES.}


           Earth was half as big as it is today. There was one ocean and one continent. This CO2 atmosphere continuously being replenished by volcanoes but over time due to the yearly accretion of 40-thousand tons of space dust and expansion of the mid ocean volcanic rifts over hundreds of million years the Earth expanded to its present size. It was this process of expansion that the atmospheric pressure was reduced by half.

            The other half of Earth’s high pressure atmosphere was used up by photosynthesis and laid down as col, oil and limestone. Where did the 20.8 % oxygen atmosphere come from? During the 80-million year Carboniferous Age 400-million years ago the Sun was in a much closer orbit to another group of stars that increased the average Earth temperature to 80 degrees Fahrenheit. One of those stars puts out more than 100 times the ultraviolet light of our sun above the range of human sight. Earth had incoming ultraviolet light 24 hours a day. In a few short months diatoms filled up the oceans to depths of 30,000 feet deep or more. Diatoms have the ability to multiply eight times in 24 hours given enough CO2, warm temperatures and 24-hours of light.

Most people don’t know what diatoms are. They are the little calcium carbonate creatures they use to filter your drinking water and fill your cat litter box. They evolved different shapes to survive at different depths in the oceans to take advantage of the different wave lengths of UV light. Most large oil fields are ancient meteor impacts that fused the hydrogen in the water with the carbon to make hydrocarbons. If you were to read my book COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES you will discover that some other sources of oil is made from the subduction of continental plates that melt the limestone sheets which are composed of calcium carbonate. Then you have the shale oil which is still made of carbonate ocean sediments. 

    After John D. Rockefeller discovered oil on the beach in Quait in the 1920’s and his company Standard Oil started making billions, other government-subsidized companies like Sinclair Oil (sin clear) and Winsor Oil (now British Petroleum) got on the band wagon. That’s when we became energy slaves.

Practically every war since was fought over oil plus other resource like lithium or gold. Religion is just a cover. The reason they left FREEDOM OF RELIGION in the constitution in the first place was so they could pit one fanatical group against another. Wake up people!

 All wars are rich men wars. They manipulate nations to create wars to make them richer. They sell arms to both sides of the conflict. They have their banks loan money to both sides to buy the arms from their factories thereby putting both nations in debt. When the war is over they step in to rebuild pretending to be charitable good Samaritans but they take the gold oil and drugs as compensation. It’s known as the GOD trade.

STEELHEAD PLATFORM COOK INLET ALASKA

The reason I wrote COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES was to enlighten people as to where the energy came from that make their cars go down the road. By plotting our course through space I discovered the light source that created the coal, oil and limestone. It may be alright for humanity to release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It is plant food and CO2 is a trace gas amounting to only .033% of our atmosphere. It’s a trace gas necessary to feed people yet our government wants to use your tax dollars to pump it underground. You can’t grow food without it. Go figure! How dumb is that? Wake up people!

Ninety-eight percent of the atmosphere on this planet is gone. Originally when Earth came out of the billion-year Huronian Glaciation with a 750 PSI atmosphere. Now it is down to 14.5 PSI at sea level. 

We lost ½ the oxygen-producing plankton in the oceans. Two thirds of the oxygen-producing rain forests have been cut down and burned to make charcoal while the rich corporations want to keep us using up the oxygen by burning things forever.

Back in the 1950's our government created the mega farms to out-produce the Communists using fertilizer made from natural gas and mechanized agriculture that uses oil. Now most all our soil is depleted of minerals. Poor farming methods caused half our topsoil to blown away in the Dust Bowl washed down rivers into the oceans. Half the fish in the oceans  are gone. God gave us dominion over the planet. What’s he going to do when he comes back to find out what we have done?

Where do we go from here? Hundreds of millions of people died fighting over oil. Don’t forget our brave soldiers who so willingly gave their lives in these wars.  
Below is a picture of the Grayling platform blowout in Cook Inlet. The got the men off safely with a helicopter. By some miracle it never caught fire. It blew ocean water up over 1000 feet for an entire week then it subsided to about 500 feet above the rig for over a month. How much gas was wasted is anybody's guess--probably enough to light up New York City for a couple years.

Seemingly timed to coincide both with Earth Day and President Obama's proposed expansion of corporate access to U.S. waters for offshore oil drilling, the April 20 explosion of the Transocean oil rig Deepwater Horizon has exposed how risky offshore oil drilling can be, particularly in deep water in the absence of effective regulation. The sinking of the oil rig April 22 (Earth Day) led to the deaths of 11 oil rig workers – not the first BP safety violations – and could lead to the contamination of wide swaths of the Gulf Coast, or even, because of the loop current (map), large swaths of Florida, the Florida Keys and the entire East Coast.

Originally, authorities said the broken well was spilling 1,000 barrels a day. Then the Gulf oil spill was upgraded to 5,000 barrels a day. But independent scientists have said there could be 5-10 times as much oil spilling from the well, and BP's only successful attempt at mitigation is capturing just 1,000 barrels a day. The oil slick on the surface is bigger than Connecticut, but the spill at other depths is likely far larger, and threatens marine life throughout the ocean food chain. If independent estimates are correct, the spill is already larger than the Exxon Valdez. 

BP OIL SPILL

[The Exxon Valdez spill was 22 million gallons not 11.]

Usumacinta

2. First fire in Kab-121 well

Introduction

The Usumacinta is a mat-supported jack-up based on the Bethlehem JU-200-MC design. It was delivered in 1982 by Bethlehem Steel in Singapore and is currently owned by Perforadora Central of Mexico. In October 2007, the Usumacinta was contracted to drill at PEMEX's Kab-101 platform in the Bay of Campeche. The Kab-101 platform is a light production Sea Pony type platform, installed by PEMEX in 1994, which had two wells producing a daily output of around 5700 bbls oil and 700,000 cubic feet of natural gas. The Usumacinta was contracted to complete drilling work on a third well, named Kab-103, when it collided with the Kab-101 platform and ruptured the Kab-101's production tree.

Storm Collision

On Sunday, 21 October 2007, the Usumacinta was brought into position alongside the Kab-101 platform to finish drilling the Kab-103 well. By Tuesday, 23 October, a cold weather front passed through the Gulf of Mexico bringing storm winds of 130km/hr with waves of 6-8m. The adverse weather conditions caused oscillating movements of Usumacinta jack-up from around 1200 hours on the 23 October. These movements caused the cantilever deck of the Usumacinta to strike the top of the production valve tree on the Kab-101 platform, resulting in a leak of oil and gas. At 1420 hours, the subsurface safety valves of wells 101 and 121 were closed by PEMEX personnel, but the valves were unable to seal completely allowing the continued leaking of oil and gas. At around 1535 hours on 23 October, the 81 personnel on the Usumacinta were evacuated by lifeboat, with the ship Morrison Tide providing fire support. Rough seas hampered the rescue operation and appear to have caused the break-up of at least one liferaft.

Well control personnel were despatched to the Kab-101, with operations delayed by further bad weather and H2S release. Well control operations commenced with attempts to inject heavy mud followed by cement. Operations were again delayed on 13 November when a spark initiated by on-going work caused a fire to break out. The fire was extinguished the following day on 14 November at 2350 hours. A second fire broke out on 20 November, causing the collapse of the Usumacinta's derrick and major damage to the cantilever and connecting bridge. The fire was extinguished the same day with no injuries.

Several phases of work then commenced, including debris removal from the Usumacinta, the attachment of a valve for controlled flaring, the installation of a blow-out preventer and finally the shutting in of the well followed by killing with heavy mud and plugging with cement. By 17 December 2007, PEMEX reported complete control of the well.

Aftermath

There were 21 reported deaths during the evacuation of the Usumacinta, with one worker missing, presumed dead.

Deadliest Accidents

	Incident	Fatalities
	1. Piper Alpha Occidental's Piper Alpha platform was destroyed by explosion and fire in 1988. 167 workers were killed in the blaze.	167
	2. Alexander L. Kielland In 1980, the accommodation rig Alexander L. Kielland capsized during a storm after a leg support brace failed.	123
	3. Seacrest Drillship The Seacrest drillship capsized in 1989 during Typhoon Gay, with the loss of 91 crew.	91
	4. Ocean Ranger A ballast control malfunction caused the Ocean Ranger to capsize during a ferocious storm in the North Atlantic in 1982, with the loss of all hands.	84
	5. Glomar Java Sea Drillship Another storm fatality, the Glomar Java Sea capsized and sank during Typhoon Lex in 1983 with the loss of all on board.	81
	6. Bohai 2 In 1979, the jack-up Bohai 2 capsized and sank in a storm while on tow off the coast of China.	72
	7. Brent Field Chinook Helicopter A Chinook helicopter shuttle between the Brent Field and Sumburgh crashed into the North Sea in 1986 with only two survivors.	45
	8. Enchova Central During a blowout on the Enchova Central off Brazil, 42 workers lost their lives attempting to evacuate the platform.	42
	9- C. P. Baker Drilling Barge Built in 1962 using an uncommon catamaran design, the C. P. Baker drilling barge burned and sank after a shallow gas blowout.	22
	9- Mumbai (Bombay) High North A support vessel collided with Mumbai High North in 2005, rupturing a riser and causing a major fire that destroyed the platform.	22
	9- Usumacinta Storm winds caused the Usumacinta jack-up to strike the adjacent Kab-101 platform, resulting in a fatal evacuation and blowout in 2007.

Most Expensive Accidents

	Incident	Cost (2002 US$)
	1. Piper Alpha Occidental's Piper Alpha platform was destroyed by explosion and fire in 1988. 167 workers were killed in the blaze.	$1,270,000,000
	2. Petrobras P36 In 2001, an explosion destabilised the P36 production rig in the Campos Basin, Brazil, eventually causing it to sink.	$515,000,000
	3. Enchova Central Petrobras' Enchova PCE-1 Platform suffered twice with blowouts and fire in both 1984 and 1988, ending with the loss of the platform in 1988.	$461,000,000
	4. Sleipner A A design error resulted in the structural failure in 1991 of the gravity base unit of the original Sleipner A platform.	$365,000,000
	5. Mississippi Canyon 311 A (Bourbon) In 1987, the Mississippi Canyon 311 A Bourbon platform in the Gulf of Mexico was tilted to one side by an extensive underground blowout.	$274,000,000
	6. Mighty Servant 2 The Mighty Servant 2 struck a rock and sank off Indonesia whilst carrying platform modules in 1999.	$220,000,000
	7. Mumbai (Bombay) High North A support vessel collided with Mumbai High North in 2005, rupturing a riser and causing a major fire which destroyed the platform.	$195,000,000 (2005)
	8. Steelhead Platform A blowout in 1987 led to six months of trouble for the Steelhead Platform, resulting in fire and extensive platform damage.	$171,000,000
	9. Name not known 1993: Explosion and fire destroyed a platform control room and damaged adjacent platforms on Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, with eleven fatalites.	$122,000,000
	10. Petronius A In 1998, a crane load line broke while lifting the south topside module of the Petronius platform, dropping the module into the Gulf of Mexico. Offshore Blowouts Five Worst Blowouts Volume Released 1. Sedco 135F and the IXTOC-1 Well In 1979, the IXTOC-1 blowout flowed uncontrollably in the Bahia de Campeche, Mexico until it was capped 9 months later. 3,500,000 barrels 2. Ekofisk Bravo Platform Phillips Petroleum's Ekofisk B platform experienced an 8-day oil and gas blowout in 1977 during a production well workover. 202,381 barrels 3. Funiwa No. 5 Well Oil from the 1980 Funiwa 5 blowout polluted the Niger Delta for 2 weeks, followed by fire and the eventual bridging of the well. 200,000 barrels 4. Hasbah Platform Well 6 Drilled in 1980 by the Ron Tappmeyer jack-up, exploratory well No. 6 blew out in the Persian Gulf for 8 days and cost the lives of 19 men. 100,000 barrels 5. Union Oil Platform Alpha Well A-21 The 1969 Union Oil Platform A blowout lasted 11 days but continued leaking oil into the Santa Barbara Channel for months afterwards. 80,000 barrels x Other Notable Blowouts Remarks Adriatic IV A blowout and fire in 2004 destroyed both the Adriatic IV jack-up and Temsah gas platform off the Egyptian coast. Al Baz Santa Fe's Al Baz jack-up burned and sank after a blowout in 1989 with the loss of 5 lives. 5 fatalities Arabdrill 19 A leg punch-through in 2002 led to a blowout and fire which sank both the Arabdrill 19 and a production platform in Saudi's Khafji Field. 3 fatalities Blake IV and Greenhill Petroleum Corp. Well 250 In 1992, Greenhill Petroleum's workover oil well blew out in Timbalier Bay, igniting after 2 days and taking 11 days to cap. Major release C.P. Baker Drilling Barge Built in 1962 using an uncommon catamaran design, the C. P. Baker drilling barge burned and sank after a shallow gas blowout. 22 fatalities Enchova Central Petrobras' Enchova Platform suffered twice with blowouts and fire in both 1984 and 1988, ending with the loss of the platform in 1988. 42 fatalities	$116,000,000