CARBON
ENERGY SCIENCE
©By
Henry Kroll
From
my book, COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES
The
bulk of the energy consumed on this planet is still generated by the burning of
carbon. Where did
all the carbon come from, you ask?
After our sun left its birthplace in Orion Earth and Mars went into the Huronian Glaciation where mile deep sheets of ice covered the single ocean and there was five-mile deep inc on the single continent known as Pangaea. All of the carbon at the core of the Earth came from the dust clouds in Orion. The iron in your blood, the calcium in your bones and the other elements that make up our reality mostly came from Orion however some of it is space dust.
At that time about 700-million years ago Earth had a high pressure carbon dioxide atmosphere of around 750 pounds per square inch. The atmosphere extended three thousand miles above the planet. There was no way for sunlight to get through such an atmosphere to make the plankton bloom in the oceans to release free oxygen. A billion years is a long time to drift in the cold of space. {SIRIUS A and little SIRIUS B below.}
{You got to understand that it's difficult to get good pictures of Sirius B because the light is invisible and glass lenses filter out UV.}
Our solar system eventually drifted between the the two giant stars Procyon and Sirius. These giant two-solar-mass, stars may have been swapped into out galaxy during one of many past galactic collisions. Sirius B used to be 6 solar masses before it became a white dwarf ejecting 3.5 solar masses of silicon and iron in the neighborhood. Earth collected a lot of that iron dust which bound up the free oxygen as soon as it was released by plants. We were much closer to Sirius A and little Sirius B and Sirius B with 1.5 solar masses (more gravity than our Sun) came around, grabbed hold of our Sun and put it into a nice tight orbit around Sirius A.
We became part of the Sirius System for the next 750-million years. Sirius B puts out more than 100 times the Ultraviolet Light of our sun in the invisible 350 to 400 nano meter wave length. Plants, however like this light.
Sirius B is the only thing out there capable of penetrating a 3,000-mile deep atmosphere. The reason I wrote the huge book was to make people understand where coal, oil, gas and limestone come from. When you are driving down the road most of the energy that makes your car move came from Sirius B!
{You can read all about the history of Earth in my book, COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES.}
Earth was half as big as it is today. There was one ocean and one continent. This CO2 atmosphere continuously being replenished by volcanoes but over time due to the yearly accretion of 40-thousand tons of space dust and expansion of the mid ocean volcanic rifts over hundreds of million years the Earth expanded to its present size. It was this process of expansion that the atmospheric pressure was reduced by half.
After our sun left its birthplace in Orion Earth and Mars went into the Huronian Glaciation where mile deep sheets of ice covered the single ocean and there was five-mile deep inc on the single continent known as Pangaea. All of the carbon at the core of the Earth came from the dust clouds in Orion. The iron in your blood, the calcium in your bones and the other elements that make up our reality mostly came from Orion however some of it is space dust.
At that time about 700-million years ago Earth had a high pressure carbon dioxide atmosphere of around 750 pounds per square inch. The atmosphere extended three thousand miles above the planet. There was no way for sunlight to get through such an atmosphere to make the plankton bloom in the oceans to release free oxygen. A billion years is a long time to drift in the cold of space. {SIRIUS A and little SIRIUS B below.}
{You got to understand that it's difficult to get good pictures of Sirius B because the light is invisible and glass lenses filter out UV.}
Our solar system eventually drifted between the the two giant stars Procyon and Sirius. These giant two-solar-mass, stars may have been swapped into out galaxy during one of many past galactic collisions. Sirius B used to be 6 solar masses before it became a white dwarf ejecting 3.5 solar masses of silicon and iron in the neighborhood. Earth collected a lot of that iron dust which bound up the free oxygen as soon as it was released by plants. We were much closer to Sirius A and little Sirius B and Sirius B with 1.5 solar masses (more gravity than our Sun) came around, grabbed hold of our Sun and put it into a nice tight orbit around Sirius A.
We became part of the Sirius System for the next 750-million years. Sirius B puts out more than 100 times the Ultraviolet Light of our sun in the invisible 350 to 400 nano meter wave length. Plants, however like this light.
Sirius B is the only thing out there capable of penetrating a 3,000-mile deep atmosphere. The reason I wrote the huge book was to make people understand where coal, oil, gas and limestone come from. When you are driving down the road most of the energy that makes your car move came from Sirius B!
{You can read all about the history of Earth in my book, COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES.}
Earth was half as big as it is today. There was one ocean and one continent. This CO2 atmosphere continuously being replenished by volcanoes but over time due to the yearly accretion of 40-thousand tons of space dust and expansion of the mid ocean volcanic rifts over hundreds of million years the Earth expanded to its present size. It was this process of expansion that the atmospheric pressure was reduced by half.
The other half of Earth’s high
pressure atmosphere was used up by photosynthesis and laid down as col, oil and
limestone. Where did the 20.8 % oxygen atmosphere come from? During the
80-million year Carboniferous Age 400-million years ago the Sun was in a much
closer orbit to another group of stars that increased the average Earth
temperature to 80 degrees Fahrenheit. One of those stars puts out more than 100
times the ultraviolet light of our sun above the range of human sight. Earth had
incoming ultraviolet light 24 hours a day. In a few short months diatoms filled
up the oceans to depths of 30,000 feet deep or more. Diatoms have the ability
to multiply eight times in 24 hours given enough CO2, warm temperatures and
24-hours of light.
Most
people don’t know what diatoms are. They are the little calcium carbonate
creatures they use to filter your drinking water and fill your cat litter box.
They evolved different shapes to survive at different depths in the oceans to
take advantage of the different wave lengths of UV light. Most large oil fields
are ancient meteor impacts that fused the hydrogen in the water with the carbon
to make hydrocarbons. If you were to read my book COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES you
will discover that some other sources of oil is made from the subduction of continental
plates that melt the limestone sheets which are composed of calcium carbonate.
Then you have the shale oil which is still made of carbonate ocean
sediments.
After
John D. Rockefeller discovered oil on the beach in Quait in the 1920’s and his
company Standard Oil started making billions, other government-subsidized
companies like Sinclair Oil (sin clear) and Winsor Oil (now British Petroleum)
got on the band wagon. That’s when we became energy slaves.
Practically
every war since was fought over oil plus other resource like lithium or gold.
Religion is just a cover. The reason they left FREEDOM OF RELIGION in the
constitution in the first place was so they could pit one fanatical group
against another. Wake up people!
All wars are rich men wars. They manipulate
nations to create wars to make them richer. They sell arms to both sides of the
conflict. They have their banks loan money to both sides to buy
the arms from their factories thereby putting both nations in debt. When the
war is over they step in to rebuild pretending to be charitable good Samaritans
but they take the gold oil and drugs as compensation. It’s known as the GOD
trade.
STEELHEAD
PLATFORM COOK INLET ALASKA
The
reason I wrote COSMOLOGICAL ICE AGES was to enlighten people as to where the
energy came from that make their cars go down the road. By plotting our course through space I discovered the light source that created the coal, oil and limestone. It may be alright for humanity to release carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere. It is plant food and CO2 is a trace gas amounting to only .033% of our
atmosphere. It’s a trace gas necessary to feed people yet our government wants to use your tax dollars to pump it underground. You can’t grow food without it. Go figure! How dumb is
that? Wake up people!
Ninety-eight
percent of the atmosphere on this planet is gone. Originally when Earth came
out of the billion-year Huronian Glaciation with a 750 PSI atmosphere. Now
it is down to 14.5 PSI at sea level.
We lost ½ the oxygen-producing plankton in the oceans. Two thirds of the oxygen-producing rain forests have been cut down and burned to make charcoal while the
rich corporations want to keep us using up the oxygen by burning things forever.
Back in the 1950's our
government created the mega farms to out-produce the Communists using
fertilizer made from natural gas and mechanized agriculture that uses oil. Now most all our
soil is depleted of minerals. Poor farming methods caused half our topsoil to
blown away in the Dust Bowl washed down rivers into
the oceans. Half the fish in the oceans
are gone. God gave us dominion over the planet. What’s he going to do
when he comes back to find out what we have done?
Where
do we go from here? Hundreds of millions
of people died fighting over oil. Don’t forget our brave soldiers who so
willingly gave their lives in these wars.
Below is a picture of the Grayling platform blowout in Cook Inlet. The got the men off safely with a helicopter. By some miracle it never caught fire. It blew ocean water up over 1000 feet for an entire week then it subsided to about 500 feet above the rig for over a month. How much gas was wasted is anybody's guess--probably enough to light up New York City for a couple years.
Below is a picture of the Grayling platform blowout in Cook Inlet. The got the men off safely with a helicopter. By some miracle it never caught fire. It blew ocean water up over 1000 feet for an entire week then it subsided to about 500 feet above the rig for over a month. How much gas was wasted is anybody's guess--probably enough to light up New York City for a couple years.
Seemingly timed to
coincide both with Earth Day and President Obama's proposed expansion of
corporate access to U.S. waters for offshore oil drilling, the April 20
explosion of the Transocean oil rig Deepwater Horizon has exposed how
risky offshore oil drilling can be, particularly in deep water in the absence
of effective regulation. The sinking of the oil rig April 22 (Earth Day) led to
the deaths of 11 oil rig workers – not the first BP safety violations – and could lead to
the contamination of wide swaths of the Gulf Coast, or even, because of the loop current (map), large swaths of
Florida, the Florida Keys and the entire East Coast.
Originally,
authorities said the broken well was spilling 1,000 barrels a day. Then the Gulf oil spill was upgraded to 5,000
barrels a day. But independent scientists have said there could be 5-10 times
as much oil spilling from the well, and BP's only successful attempt at
mitigation is capturing just 1,000 barrels a day. The oil slick on the surface
is bigger than Connecticut, but the spill at other depths is likely far larger,
and threatens marine life throughout the ocean food chain. If independent
estimates are correct, the spill is already larger than the Exxon Valdez.
BP OIL SPILL
[The Exxon Valdez spill was 22 million gallons not 11.]
Usumacinta
Introduction
The Usumacinta is a mat-supported
jack-up based on the Bethlehem JU-200-MC design. It was delivered in 1982 by
Bethlehem Steel in Singapore and is currently owned by Perforadora Central of
Mexico. In October 2007, the Usumacinta was contracted to drill at PEMEX's
Kab-101 platform in the Bay of Campeche. The Kab-101 platform is a light
production Sea Pony type platform, installed by PEMEX in 1994, which had two
wells producing a daily output of around 5700 bbls oil and 700,000 cubic feet
of natural gas. The Usumacinta was contracted to complete drilling work on a
third well, named Kab-103, when it collided with the Kab-101 platform and ruptured
the Kab-101's production tree.
Storm Collision
On Sunday, 21 October 2007, the
Usumacinta was brought into position alongside the Kab-101 platform to finish
drilling the Kab-103 well. By Tuesday, 23 October, a cold weather front passed
through the Gulf of Mexico bringing storm winds of 130km/hr with waves of 6-8m.
The adverse weather conditions caused oscillating movements of Usumacinta
jack-up from around 1200 hours on the 23 October. These movements caused the
cantilever deck of the Usumacinta to strike the top of the production valve
tree on the Kab-101 platform, resulting in a leak of oil and gas. At 1420
hours, the subsurface safety valves of wells 101 and 121 were closed by PEMEX
personnel, but the valves were unable to seal completely allowing the continued
leaking of oil and gas. At around 1535 hours on 23 October, the 81 personnel on
the Usumacinta were evacuated by lifeboat, with the ship Morrison Tide
providing fire support. Rough seas hampered the rescue operation and appear to
have caused the break-up of at least one liferaft.
Well control personnel were
despatched to the Kab-101, with operations delayed by further bad weather and
H2S release. Well control operations commenced with attempts to inject heavy
mud followed by cement. Operations were again delayed on 13 November when a
spark initiated by on-going work caused a fire to break out. The fire was
extinguished the following day on 14 November at 2350 hours. A second fire
broke out on 20 November, causing the collapse of the Usumacinta's derrick and
major damage to the cantilever and connecting bridge. The fire was extinguished
the same day with no injuries.
Several phases of work then
commenced, including debris removal from the Usumacinta, the attachment of a
valve for controlled flaring, the installation of a blow-out preventer and
finally the shutting in of the well followed by killing with heavy mud and
plugging with cement. By 17 December 2007, PEMEX reported complete control of
the well.
Aftermath
There were 21 reported deaths
during the evacuation of the Usumacinta, with one worker missing, presumed
dead.
Deadliest
Accidents
Incident
|
Fatalities
|
|
1. Piper Alpha
Occidental's Piper Alpha platform was destroyed by explosion and fire in 1988. 167 workers were killed in the blaze. |
167
|
|
2. Alexander L. Kielland
In 1980, the accommodation rig Alexander L. Kielland capsized during a storm after a leg support brace failed. |
123
|
|
3. Seacrest Drillship
The Seacrest drillship capsized in 1989 during Typhoon Gay, with the loss of 91 crew. |
91
|
|
4. Ocean Ranger
A ballast control malfunction caused the Ocean Ranger to capsize during a ferocious storm in the North Atlantic in 1982, with the loss of all hands. |
84
|
|
5. Glomar Java Sea Drillship
Another storm fatality, the Glomar Java Sea capsized and sank during Typhoon Lex in 1983 with the loss of all on board. |
81
|
|
6. Bohai 2
In 1979, the jack-up Bohai 2 capsized and sank in a storm while on tow off the coast of China. |
72
|
|
7. Brent Field Chinook Helicopter
A Chinook helicopter shuttle between the Brent Field and Sumburgh crashed into the North Sea in 1986 with only two survivors. |
45
|
|
8. Enchova Central
During a blowout on the Enchova Central off Brazil, 42 workers lost their lives attempting to evacuate the platform. |
42
|
|
9- C. P. Baker Drilling Barge
Built in 1962 using an uncommon catamaran design, the C. P. Baker drilling barge burned and sank after a shallow gas blowout. |
22
|
|
9- Mumbai (Bombay) High North
A support vessel collided with Mumbai High North in 2005, rupturing a riser and causing a major fire that destroyed the platform. |
22
|
|
9- Usumacinta
Storm winds caused the Usumacinta jack-up to strike the adjacent Kab-101 platform, resulting in a fatal evacuation and blowout in 2007. |
Most
Expensive Accidents
Incident
|
Cost (2002 US$)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1. Piper Alpha
Occidental's Piper Alpha platform was destroyed by explosion and fire in 1988. 167 workers were killed in the blaze. |
$1,270,000,000
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2. Petrobras P36
In 2001, an explosion destabilised the P36 production rig in the Campos Basin, Brazil, eventually causing it to sink. |
$515,000,000
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3. Enchova Central
Petrobras' Enchova PCE-1 Platform suffered twice with blowouts and fire in both 1984 and 1988, ending with the loss of the platform in 1988. |
$461,000,000
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4. Sleipner A
A design error resulted in the structural failure in 1991 of the gravity base unit of the original Sleipner A platform. |
$365,000,000
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5. Mississippi Canyon 311 A
(Bourbon)
In 1987, the Mississippi Canyon 311 A Bourbon platform in the Gulf of Mexico was tilted to one side by an extensive underground blowout. |
$274,000,000
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6. Mighty Servant 2
The Mighty Servant 2 struck a rock and sank off Indonesia whilst carrying platform modules in 1999. |
$220,000,000
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7. Mumbai (Bombay) High North
A support vessel collided with Mumbai High North in 2005, rupturing a riser and causing a major fire which destroyed the platform. |
$195,000,000 (2005)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8. Steelhead Platform
A blowout in 1987 led to six months of trouble for the Steelhead Platform, resulting in fire and extensive platform damage. |
$171,000,000
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9. Name not known
1993: Explosion and fire destroyed a platform control room and damaged adjacent platforms on Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, with eleven fatalites. |
$122,000,000
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10. Petronius A
In 1998, a crane load line broke while lifting the south topside module of the Petronius platform, dropping the module into the Gulf of Mexico.
Offshore
Blowouts
x
|
$116,000,000
|
