OUR BLOODY HISTORY

Our bloody History When the Gods come back there will be hell to pay.

The King James Bible was written in such a way that the 'King' was more powerful than God. Anyone caught with another type of Bible in their home was severely punished (tortured) and then executed.

Wikipedia: “The King James Version (KJV), also known as the Authorized Version (AV) or King James Bible (KJB), is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England that began in 1604 and was completed in 1611.[a]

First printed by the King's Printer Robert Barker, this was the third translation into English to be approved by the English Church authorities. The first was the Great Bible commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII (1535), and the second was the Bishops' Bible of 1568.[3] In January 1604, James I convened the Hampton Court Conference where a new English version was conceived in response to the perceived problems of the earlier translations as detected by the Puritans, a faction within the Church of England. The translation is widely considered a towering achievement in English literature, as both beautiful and scholarly.

James gave the translators instructions intended to guarantee that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its belief in an ordained clergy. The translation was done by 47 scholars, all of whom were members of the Church of England. 

In common with most other translations of the period, the New Testament was translated from the Greek Septuagint; the Old Testament was translated from Hebrew and Aramaic text, while the Apocrypha was translated from the Greek and Latin. In the Book of Common Prayer (1662), the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible – for Epistle and Gospel readings (but not for the Psalter which has retained substantially Coverdale's Great Bible version) and as such was authorized by Act of Parliament.

The historic text inside my giant Bible mentions the Council of Nicaea 350 AD. The Greeks couldn't read the ancient Hebrew history writings so they hired fifty learned Hebrews to translate the old Hebrew into Greek. Due to the age of the ancient manuscripts and the fact that some of the words were forgotten some of the words were miss-translated. For example in Genesis Nephilim is a plural word. They also left out many of the books dealing with women to keep them subjugated and minimize their role in the church. Only certain learned men were taught to read and write although women had played a large part in early history up to that point in time.

Any mention of ET's, like in the Book of Enoch especially where men were taken up into Heaven was left out of what later became known as the Bible. They didn’t want mankind to know his true origins because it would take power away from the church. The Church had to maintain control over the populations and the various governments at the time. They were the middleman controlling all interactions between humanity and the higher powers. Anyone who heard voices or practiced divinization was deemed a witch and burned at the stake—especially those who had property that could be appropriated by the church.

According to Zechariah Sitchin’s translation of ancient Sumerian scrolls, ‘the gods came to earth 432,000 years before the deluge’. He writes in THE LOST RELMS: “The Anunnaki, the Sumerians wrote upon numerous clay tablets, had come to Earth long before the Deluge. In The 12^th Planet we determined that it happened 432,000 years before the Deluge—a period equivalent to 120 orbits of Nibiru, orbits that though the Anunnaki represent but a single year of theirs are the equivalent to 3,600 Earth-years. They came and went between Nibiru and Earth each time their planet came closer to the Sun (and Earth) as it passed between Jupiter and Mars; and there is no doubt whatsoever that the Sumerians began o observe the heavens not to know when to sow, but in order to see and celebrate the return of the celestial Lords.”        

There were many ET Gods that came here to mine gold more than 432,000 years ago. They use the gold for life extension, not climate modification. They burn it into the white powder at 2,800 degrees F. known as ORME gold; (orbitally rearranged monatomic elements) and put it in their unleavened priest bread. The platinum group metals in the ORME state play an important in that they increase intelligence. ORME Rhodium quadruples the efficiency of brain synapse and other cognitive functions and it has non-local properties. You can telepathically converse with others and distance is no hindrance as the communication is instantaneous to other planets and galaxies.

Due to its physical shape, like little galaxies, ORMES reproduces magnetic frequency with no loss of power. Simply put little magnets above sumps. Put little valves at the bottom and use it to water your plants. They will grow twice as fast. You can use this knowledge to take out of your well water and other liquids. It is a perfect insulator yet it fits the technical definition of a room-temperature superconductor in that it magnetically resonates with no loss of power.  It was carried in the Ark of the Covenant that Moses took from Egypt is a Faraday cage designed to carry ORMES. ORMES has to be kept in a glass container surrounded by steel wool and a metal can to keep it from leaking through the glass. You also to keep it in the refrigerator as it is an ideal growing medium.

ORME gold is used to increase energy in the cells during cell division thus correcting the DNA and winding it up tighter to increasing the number of base pairs per turn. When you were conceived you had fifty base pairs per turn and your cells divide very quickly. When you were born you had 25 base pairs per turn and cell replication started slowing down. At age twenty you had twenty base pairs per turn of DNA and your cell loss equals cell reproduction. At age fifty you have five base pairs per turn of DNA and you start losing body cells at an ever increasing rate. Your wounds don’t heal as fast and your skin starts to age much faster. 

The combined ORME, atoms with all their protons in a large nucleus with weak atomic forces allows the mitochondria within each of our human cells to transmute the necessary elements for cell division. It’s called transmutation of elements that we are taught in school is impossible. The so-called academics that teach our children aren’t even aware that such a large particle exists yet our body cells use it o transmute elements at the rate of over 6-miollion times a second.  To maintain your present form without ageing you have to replicate more than 6-million body cells a second. This takes a lot of energy and the necessary trace minerals to replicate three-billion RNA and DNA sequences in each of the 6-million cells that you are replicating every second.

This technology has been around since the beginning of time. David Hudson currently holds the patents on ORMES. I wrote the book, Philosophers Stone about the history and use of ORMES 25-years ago. Thousands of people around the world are currently making this stuff in their kitchens using the alkaline recipes in my book. King Solomon who was famous for his god mines made most of his money selling bread. I believe he was shipping most of it off planet.  It was the whole grain unleavened priest bread containing ORME gold. ORMES combine with hydrochloric acid in the stomach into a chloride so the course grain priest bread is needed to carry it into the lower intestines where it can be absorbed by the body. The ancient people fasted before taking the priest bread to reduce the hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

The Anunnaki couldn't get enough ORME gold out of sea water to provide for their needs so they created modern man using eggs from Mauri implanted into Neanderthal females. Modern man fit the bill perfectly. He is physically weaker than the Neanderthal, extremely subservient and breads prolifically. He is easily brainwashed to worship practically anything that comes along because he refuses to uses his brain as exemplified by the continuous state of war on this planet.

Remember, in Genesis, when the 'plural' 'gods' left earth mankind was given dominion over the planet. Mankind was given dominion over all the animals and even the fish in the sea. The Gods figured that he was smart enough to take care of the planet and not marry their first cousins. Boy, were they were wrong!!!

Enlil, headquartered at Eurk later known as Baalbek in Lebanon worked his slaves to death killing many thousands. His brother Enki and his son, Marduk on the other hand, gave mankind knowledge.

Zechariah Sitchin writes in LOST RELMS page 182: “The Sumerian pantheon was headed by an “Olympian Circle” of twelve, for each of these supreme gods had to have a celestial counterpart, one of the twelve members of the Solar System. Indeed the names of the gods and their planets were cone and the same (except when a variety of epithets were used to describe the plane or the god’s attributes). Heading the pantheon was the ruler of Nibiru, ANU whose name was synonymous with “Heaven,” for he resided on Nibiru. His spouse, also a member of the twelve, was called ANTU. Indeed in this group were the two principal sons of ANU: E.A (“whose House is Water”). Anu’s Firstborn but not by Antu: and E.N.L.IL  (“Lord of the Command”) who was the Heir Apparent because his mother was Antu, a half-sister of Anu. Ea was also called in Sumerian texts EN.KI (“Lord Earth”), for he had led the first mission of the Anunnaki from Nibiru to Earth and established on Earth their first colonies in the E.DIN (“Home of the Righteous Ones”)—the biblical Eden.

“His mission was to obtain gold, for which Earth was a unique source. Not for ornamentation or because of vanity, but as a way to save the atmosphere of Nibiru by suspending gold dust in the planet’s stratosphere.”  

[I don’t agree entirely with Zechariah statement because I am aware that the ORME gold was used as a mineral supplement in the priest bread to argument cell division to stop the ageing process. However, by suspending enough of the monatomic gold in their planet’s atmosphere the entire population of the planet might live many thousands of years. A person with a large brain capacity would have time to learn practically every language and every secret of the universe. Instead of spending billions of dollars spraying aluminum powder on earth to dumb down the population maybe we should put the elite band of machiavellan  perpetrators intent on dumbing down the population for world dominance  in jail and start spraying ORME gold into the atmosphere bring the IQ levels up ]

“As recorded in the Sumerian texts (and related by us in The 12^th Planet and subsequent books of The Earth Chronicles), Enlil was sent to Earth to take over the command when the initial extraction methods used by Enki proved unsatisfactory. This laid the grown work for an ongoing feud that led to Wars of the Gods; it ended with a peace treaty worked out by their sister Ninti (thereafter renamed Ninharsag). The inhabited Earth was divided between the warring clans. The three sons of ANlil—Ninurta, Sin, Adad—together with Sin’s twin children, Shamash (the sun) and Ishtar (Venus), where given the lands of Shem and Japhet, the lands of the Semites and Indo Europeans: Sin (the Moon) lowland Mesopotamia; Ninurta, )”Enlil’s warrior, Mars) the highlands of Elam and Assyria; Adad (“The Thunderer,” Mercury) Asia Minor (the land of the Hittites)and Lebanon. Ishtar was granted dominion as the goddess of the Indus Valley civilizations; Shamash was given command of the spaceport in the Sinai Peninsula.”

“This division, which did not go uncontested, gave Enki and his sons the lands of Ham—the brown/black people—of Africa: the civilizations of the Nile Valley and the gold mines of southern and western Africa—a vital and cherished prize. A great scientist and metallurgist, Enki’s Egyptian name was Ptah (The Developer”; a title that translated into Hephaestus by the Greeks and Vulcan by the romans). He shared the continent with his sons; among them was the firstborn MAR.DUK (“SON OF THE Bright Mound” ) whom the Egyptians called Ra, and Nin.GISH.ZI.DA (“Lord of the Tree of Life”) whom the Egyptians called Thoth (Hermes to the Greeks)—a god of secret knowledge including astrono9my, mathematics, and the building of pyramids.”

Enki, contrary to the decision of the Council, warned Noah of the coming flood and through his son, Marduk help design the ship that would carry Noah’s family to safety. Unlike any ship today the Ark had wells amidships designed to raise and lower five-ton, ballast stones. It also had 40-foot-long, tree trunks projecting fore and after underwater with additional ballast stones attached with strong ropes. There was no way this ship could be overturned as it had more than one hundred, five ton ballast rocks suspended below the hull--a total of 500 tons of ballast. This was external ballast not the normal ballast inside the hull of the ship that we use today.  

The actual size of Noah’s Ark can be read beginning in Genesis 6:14. It is believed to have been 450 feet long (equal to 135 m or 300 cubits). The Ark was 75 feet wide (22.5 m or 50 cubits). The vessel was 45 feet tall. That is the same as 13.5 meters or 30 cubits.

Details about the Ark

The Ark had three stories. In fact it would be higher than a three story building today. The dimensions of its deck were equal to 36 tennis courts. Put it another way, the ark deck was equal to twenty basketball courts. No other ship surpassed its size until the Eturia was built in 1884. Noah’s Ark is said to have been rectangular in shape. However the wood ship in the foothills of Mt. Ararat is shaped like a ship with a pointed bow.

Given the dimensions in the Bible, its length would have been ten times its height and six times the width. This would make it very stable in water. It wouldn’t have been easy to move the ship. But it wasn’t designed to sail; it was built to stay afloat until the waters receded. The dimensions given would have kept it stable even if the waters tossed and turned around it.

Design of the Ark

According to the Bible, the Ark was built from gopher wood. Gopher is a Hebrew term. During the early versions of the Bible, the term was used because the English equivalent was unknown. Today it is usually translated as cypress wood, but this is just a theory. While the actual size of Noah’s Ark is given in the Bible, researchers aren’t sure just how he built it.

But a 1993 research by scientists show that it is possible to build a ship based on the dimensions in the Bible. Research also indicates that this vessel would be stable in water. The Bible also says the Ark was to be coated with pitch. This is a Hebrew word with no definitive English translation. It was probably a material used to prevent decay or for waterproofing.   

When the Gods come back there will be hell to pay. Half the oxygen-producing plankton in the oceans is missing, half the fish are gone and the rest polluted with radiation from ruptured atomic reactors. Half the oil has been burned to fight wars to reduce populations and make rich men richer. Three-quarters the rain forests have been burned and made into charcoal to cook food. Half the top soils have been flushed into the oceans. Oxygen levels have plummeted from 30% at the time of Moses to 20% today.

 Radiation levels in the northern hemisphere have doubled in the last seventy years. More than two thousand atomic and hydrogen bomb tests were exploded in Arizona and Nevada. Ten more were detonated over Antarctica destroying the ozone layer over that continent.  Russia exploded 1,800 atomic and hydrogen bombs. France, England, Israel, India and Pakistan all detonated hundreds more bombs in many locations around the world.

 Twenty percent of the 30 or so million plant and animal species on the planet went extinct in the last sixty years. Thanks to the mega corporations the make chemical fertilizers and pesticides the honey bee populations we depend on to pollinate our food were poisoned by genetically modified corn and grains that produce insecticide to ward off locusts and other insects.

The Gods will definitely be pissed. I hate to speculate what they will do to us when they find out what we have done to the planet. Obviously we are not intelligent enough to be allowed to live. Not much has changed in this regard since the flood.

There are six recipes in my book, Philosophers Stone to take it out of sea water, limestone, Great Salt Lake participate, granite powder, volcanic soils etc., etc. This knowledge is worth millions of dollars because it cures all disease by rebuilding your DNA –taking you back to when you were a twenty years old. Philosophers Stone can be ordered by calling 1-877-buy-book. Or, by going on line to my web site: www.GuardDogBooks.com and clicking on the book cover. You can also order it from Amazon.com.

CHEMTRAILS - CHEMICAL SPRAYING THE FOOD SUPPLY

MAD COW DISEASE

HUMANS DIE, BEES DIE, PLANTS DIE, MAD COW DISEASE, ANIMALS DIE

THEY ALL TALKED ABOUT POPULATION REDUCTION FOR THE ONE WORLD ORDER.

How stupid and irresponsible can they get? Are they intentionally trying to destroy Earth?

Chemical spraying of aluminum and barium powder over the United States has contaminated most all the drinking water. It’s all part of a plan to dumb down humans to make them more easily manipulated. The weapon that doctors can’t find that being used against us is Mycoplasma Incognitos. You may have heard of the “Gulf War Syndrome.” These bacteria are so small that most scientists don’t acknowledge their existence. It is so small in fact that it gets into you DNA and alters it. Soldiers are coming home from Iraq and other places with modified DNA and passing it on to their wife and kids. We are facing a “brave new world” indeed.

The KC-135 tanker is used to refuel military aircraft but what's that spraying apparatus attached to the tail?

Chemical spraying has killed off more than half the bees in the United States. Farmers are experiencing crop failures and blight. As people get sicker the new health care bill will enslave us even more. 

LOOK UP EVERGREEN AIR…

After Vietnam our government kept the KC 130 and KC 135 aircraft to spray the marijuana crops in Mexico but then expanded the operation to spray over all major cities to lower temperatures however the chemicals they use dumb down people and poison the soil and water.

A few months ago NotForSale interviewed a whistleblower from inside the Evergreen Air Facility. For those who do not know Evergreen Air is a CIA front company for chemtrail operations within the United States, weapons and arms dealing, drug running and rendition tortures. The whistleblower known as KrisH provided the Intel Hub staff with documentation to prove his employment at the facility located in Pinal County Airpark in Arizona
On Feb 18, 2010 NotForSale from the Intel Hub interviewed a whistleblower employed as a private contractor at an Evergreen Air facility. 

The information he provided was mind blowing. Never before had a whistleblower came forward about this top secret facility located  in the Arizona desert north of Tucson. In the interview KrisH described how the facility is heavily secured by well armed personnel. During his time at the facility he was involved in retro fitting 727 and 747-c aircraft with liquid discharge tanks and aerosol sprayer devices. He has also confirmed reports of triangular black jets at the facility as well during his time there in the early 1990’s. It is also important to note that the facility owns fully functional warbirds that have been fully restored from WWII, where all of the weapon systems and bomb bay doors are operable on the craft. This type of craft is not authorized by civilian, public or private use within the U.S. This would indicate that Evergreen Air is indeed a CIA operation. The Whistleblower has also heard there is an underground base at the facility and confirms there is a possible “Black Helicopter” base on site as well.Note: Evergreen Air also specializes in unmanned aerial drones.

Hopi Indian Proficy says the end times are near when cob webs fall from the sky...
This all started after the Vietnam war. Our government brought the parquat and agent orange defoliation planes home to spray the pot crops in Mexico. After the false 'global warming' propaganda started their new roll was to block sunlight to avert climate change. The pilots probably don't know what this stuff is doing to their families... 

Saddam Hussein was put in power by our CIA. They tipped him off to the Soviet gold sale in 1984. Under the old communist system, the collective farms of the Soviet Union couldn’t feed their people. They had to send ships up the St. Lawrence Seaway to buy grain from the United States to survive another winter. Immediately before the transaction was to take place President Reagan called the bankers to lower the price of gold down from $600 to $300 an ounce. The bankers recalled all their loans to the South African mines. You got to understand that gold mines store their gold in banks and borrow money against it to avoid paying income tax. That way, they are always are in the red.

The gold never moved. It was already stored at the Federal Reserve Bank in New York City. All it took to lower the price of gold was a bookkeeping entry.

In order to survive another hard winter the Soviets put most all their gold up for sale to get cash American dollars. The Israelis were the middlemen as they have been for thousands of years. Whenever there was a large gold transaction they are the one that handle it. Not much has changed since the time Jesus kicked them out of the temple. The Israelis assayed it to discover that some of the gold had a high silver content. This was an indication that the soviets had “scraped the bottom of the barrel”, metaphorically speaking. Some of it dated back to the time of the Tsar when precious metal refining wasn’t such accurate a science as it is today. To make a long story short, the Israelis established a value of 22-billion dollars.

The only person in the world at the time with enough cash American dollars to by 22-billion in gold was the Emir of Quait. He had been receiving oil royalties from US companies for decades.

Saddam Hussein had his elite guard of 20,000 troops waiting in the hills above Quait. As soon as the 20-billion in gold arrived his troops swooped in and took it along with the 22-billion in American Dollars. Then they proceeded to loot the royal palace of all its jewels.

The so-called weapons of mass destruction that George Bush Jr. kept mentioning in his speeches, was actually given to Saddam Hussein by our CIA. The reason our troops never found it when George Bush Jr. invaded Iraq was because Saddam Hussein had moved it into Syria. Some of was used on our troops and I have no doubt that a lot of it was used on the Shiites.

Now our sons and daughters are coming home from Iraq with mycoplasma incognitos in their DNA. They are passing it on to their wives and kids. If that isn’t enough, our government is spraying it over major cities. Is this some kind of atattempt to jump start evolution? Or is it a plan to save Social Security by killing off the elderaly?

Is your car covered with a yellow goo every morning? Do cobwebs fall out of the sky? American Indian legend says that the end times are here when cob webs fall out of the sky. 

If you are at all curious about reading true history of Iraq and not mainstream propaganda then read my book, “SAND PIRATES.”

News of Radiation levels in the United States being censored. No new data. April 11, is the latest.

Breast Cancer Chlorella Fluoride Heart Disease HFCS.       

  

Fukushima radiation taints US milk supplies at levels 2000 percent higher than EPA maximums

Monday, April 11, 2011 by: Ethan A. Huff, staff writer

(Natural News) The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) continues to release new data showing that various milk and water supply samples from across the US are testing increasingly high for radioactive elements such as Iodine-131, Cesium-134, and Cesium-137, all of which are being emitted from the ongoing Fukushima Daiichia nuclear fallout. As of April 10, 2011, 23 US water supplies have tested positive for radioactive Iodine-131 (http://opendata.socrata.com/w/4ig7-...), and worst of all, milk samples from at least three US locations have tested positive for Iodine-131 at levels exceeding EPA maximum containment levels (MCL) (http://opendata.socrata.com/w/pkfj-...), and in once case more than 2000 percent higher than MCL, cumulatively.

As far as the water supplies are concerned, it is important to note that the EPA is only testing for radioactive Iodine-131. There are no readings or data available for cesium, uranium, or plutonium -- all of which are being continuously emitted from Fukushima, as far as we know -- even though these elements are all much more deadly than Iodine-131. Even so most water supplies have thus far tested positive for radioactive Iodine-131. {They don’t bother to test for aluminum, barium or mycoplasma.} 

Labels: bacteria, Earth, end times, four horsemen, George Bush, myciokasma, nuclear, weapons of mass destruction

Wednesday, December 21, 2011

Wrong Evolutionary path..

DEPOPULATION OF AMERICA WAKE UP PEOPLE

Barium and aluminum chemical spraying are used to dumb down the population to reduce sterility to quell resistance for the coming World Government. Hitler used it and the technology on his people as a mollifier. This technology was brought into the US when they brought the German Scientists over. This is a slow kill—an execution of you, your relatives, your friends and neighbors to reduce world population to 500-million economic slaves. You are not supposed to look up. Their purpose is to sovietize United States to meld it with the Soviet Union. Robin Gather said “Their purpose was to so alter the United States to make it merge with the Soviet Union.” WAKE UP PEOPLE.

What is wrong with the pilots who are dumping this stuff on their own families? Birds are dying by the hundreds of thousands around the world. Tons of fish are washing ashore. Tons of clams and whelks are washing ashore on the British Isles. Whales and porpoise are beaching themselves. This is murder by the United Nations.

Barium is a rare earth element that does not occur naturally on the surface of the Earth because it reacts with water and air. For that reason it was used to take the air out of TV and cathode ray vacuum tubes. It is very rare with an abundance in the Earth’s crust is only 0.0425 % while Thorium ranks 34^th in abundance of all the elements in Earth’s crust. Since Barium does not occur naturally in our water and food supply it has to be put there by our government’s spraying program.

During the Viet Nam War Air America planes were outfitted with chemical spraying apparatus to spray various chemicals like Agent Orange to poison rice crops and defoliate the jungle to make troop movements easier to spot. After the Vietnam War, these same Air America pilots and planes were brought to the US for the same purpose--to poison US citizens. The name of the corporation was changed from Air America to Evergreen Air. One of Evergreen Air’s bases is at Penal Airpark a few miles north of Tucson Arizona.  

What is being sprayed on us is aluminum and barium. The levels of these elements in our food and drinking water is way above what is safe. They are telling the pilots of the planes that are doing this geo-engineering is that they are shielding the whole human race from deadly solar radiation. All the bees, plants, animals and trees are adversely affected by this.

The human brain functions on a frequency of around 4 cycles per second. HAARP (High Altitude Aurora Research Project) is capable of generating brain wave frequencies of 4 cycles per second up to planet earthquake frequencies of 8 cycles per second and above. This is electromagnetic warfare against human beings. It is also used to beam a billion watts of microwave energy off the ionosphere to circle the globe. You know that microwaves heat water. Try to image what would happen if you beamed this energy into the heart of a hurricane. It would intensify the hurricane causing much loss of life and billions in damages. 

 

Chavez says the Haiti earthquake was caused by HAARP. The Indonesian earthquake may have been caused by HAARP technology along with the Japan earthquake.

Barium (/ˈbɛəriəm/ bair-ee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Barium is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air. Its oxide is historically known as baryta but it reacts with water and carbon dioxide and is not found as a mineral. The most common naturally occurring minerals are the very insoluble barium sulfate, BaSO₄ (barite), and barium carbonate, BaCO₃ (witherite). Barium's name originates from Greek barys (βαρύς), meaning "heavy", describing the high density of some common barium-containing ores.

Barium has few industrial applications, but the metal has been historically used to scavenge air in vacuum tubes. Barium compounds impart a green color to flames and have been used in fireworks. Barium sulfate is used for its density, insolubility, and X-ray opacity. It is used as an insoluble heavy additive to oil well drilling mud, and in purer form, as an X-ray radiocontrast agent for imaging the human gastrointestinal tract. Soluble barium compounds are poisonous due to release of the soluble barium ion, and have been used as rodenticides. New uses for barium continue to be sought. It is a component of some "high temperature" YBCO superconductors, and electroceramics.

Barite

Physical properties

Barium is a soft, silvery white alkali earth metal, which quickly oxidizes in air.^[1] It crystallizes in body centered cubic lattices. It burns with a green to pale green flame, resulting from emission at 524.2 and 513.7 nm. Its simple compounds are notable for their relatively high (for an alkaline earth element) specific gravity. This high density is true of the most common barium-bearing mineral, barite (BaSO₄), also called 'heavy spar' due to the high density (4.5 g/cm³).

[edit] Chemical properties

Barium, as for other alkali earth (group II) metals, is highly reducing. It reacts exothermically with oxygen at room temperature to form barium oxide and peroxide. Because of its sensitivity to air, samples are generally stored under protective oils. The reaction is violent if barium is powdered. The metal is readily attacked in most acids, with the notable exception of sulfuric acid, as passivation stops the reaction by forming the insoluble barium sulfate. It also reacts violently with water according to the reaction:

Ba + 2 H₂O → Ba(OH)₂ + H₂↑

Barium combines with several metals, including aluminium, zinc, lead and tin, forming intermetallic phases and alloys.^[2]

Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of barium

Naturally occurring barium is a mix of seven stable isotopes, the most abundant being ¹³⁸Ba (71.7 %). 22 isotopes are known, but most of these are highly radioactive and have half-lives in the several millisecond to several day range. The only notable exceptions are ¹³³Ba which has a half-life of 10.51 years, and ^137mBa (2.55 minutes).^{[3] 133}Ba is a standard calibrant for gamma-ray detectors in nuclear physics studies.

Occurrence

The abundance of barium is 0.0425 % in the Earth's crust and 13 µg/L in sea water. It occurs in the minerals barite (as the sulfate) and witherite (as the carbonate).^[2] Although witherite deposits were mined from the 17th century till 1969^[4] in northern England, for example in the Settlingstones Mine near Newbrough,^[5] today nearly all barium is mined as barite.

Large deposits of barite are found in China, Germany, India, Morocco, and in the United States.^[6] A rare gem containing barium is known, called benitoite.

Production

Trend in world production of barite

Because barium quickly oxidizes in air, it is difficult to obtain the free metal and it is never found free in nature. The metal is primarily found in, and extracted from, barite. Because barite is so insoluble, it cannot be used directly for the preparation of other barium compounds, or barium metal. Instead, the ore is heated with carbon to reduce it to barium sulfide:^[7]

BaSO₄ + 2 C → BaS + 2 CO₂

The barium sulfide is then hydrolyzed or treated with acids to form other barium compounds, such as the chloride, nitrate, and carbonate.

Barium is commercially produced through the electrolysis of molten barium chloride (BaCl₂):

(cathode) Ba²⁺ + 2 e−
→ Ba

(anode) 2 Cl^– → Cl₂ + 2 e−

Barium metal is also obtained by the reduction of barium oxide with finely divided aluminium at temperatures between 1100 and 1200 °C:

4 BaO + 2 Al → BaO·Al₂O₃ + 3 Ba

The barium vapor is cooled and condensed to give the solid metal, which can be cast into rods or extruded into wires. Being a flammable solid, it is packaged under argon in steel containers or plastic bags.^[2]

Compounds

Ba²⁺ is the dominant oxidation state throughout the chemistry of barium. Its properties generally resemble those of other alkaline earth ions such as strontium and calcium. All halides, pseudohalides and chalcogenides are known, usually as colourless solids. The sulfate is famously insoluble. BaO forms a peroxide when heated in air. The oxide is basic and reacts with acids to give salts. Barium reduces oxides, chlorides and sulfides of less active metals. For example:

Ba + CdO → BaO + Cd

Ba + ZnCl₂ → BaCl₂ + Zn

3 Ba + Al₂S₃ → 3 BaS + 2 Al

At elevated temperatures, barium combines with nitrogen and hydrogen to produce the nitride Ba₃N₂ and hydride BaH₂, respectively. When heated with nitrogen and carbon, it forms the cyanide:

Ba + N₂ + 2 C → Ba(CN)₂

History

Barium's name originates from Greek βαρύς barys, meaning "heavy", describing the density of some common barium-containing ores. Alchemists in the early Middle Ages knew about some barium minerals. Smooth pebble-like stones of mineral barite found in Bologna, Italy were known as "Bologna stones". Witches and alchemists were attracted to them because after exposure to light they would glow for years.^[8]

Carl Scheele identified barite as containing a new element in 1774, but could not isolate barium, only barium oxide. Johan Gottlieb Gahn also isolated barium oxide two years later in similar studies. Oxidized barium was at first called barote, by Guyton de Morveau, a name which was changed by Antoine Lavoisier to baryta. Also in the 18th century, English mineralogist William Withering noted a heavy mineral in the lead mines of cumberland, now known to be Witherite. Barium was first isolated by electrolysis of molten barium salts in 1808, by Sir Humphry Davy in England.^[9] Davy, by analogy with calcium named "barium" after baryta, with the "-ium" ending signifying a metallic element.^[8] Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen yielded pure barium by electrolysis of a molten mixture of barium chloride and ammonium chloride.^[10][11]

The production of pure oxygen in the Brin process was a large scale application of barium peroxide before electrolysis and fractionally distill liquefied air became the dominant ways to produce oxygen. In this process the barium oxide reacts at 500–600°C with air to form barium peroxide which decomposes at above 700°C by releasing oxygen.^[12][13]

2 BaO + O₂ ⇌ 2 BaO₂

Applications

Amoebiasis as seen in radiograph of barium-filled colon

Green barium fireworks

The dominating application of elemental barium is as a scavenger or "getter" removing the last traces of oxygen and other gases in electronic vacuum tubes such as television cathode ray tubes.

An alloy of barium with nickel is commonly used in automobile ignitions.

Applications of barium sulfate

Barium sulfate (the mineral barite, BaSO₄) is important to the petroleum industry, for example, as a drilling mud weighting agent in drilling new oil and gas wells.^[6] It is also a filler in a variety of products such as rubber. Taking advantage of its opacity to X-rays, the sulfate is used as a radiocontrast agent for X-ray imaging of the digestive system ("barium meals" and "barium enemas").^[6] Lithopone, a pigment that contains barium sulfate and zinc sulfide, is a permanent white that has good covering power, and does not darken when exposed to sulfides.^[15]

[edit] Applications of other barium compounds

Aside from the sulfate, other compounds of barium find only niche applications. Applications are limited by the toxicity of Ba²⁺ ions (Barium carbonate is a rat poison), which is not a problem for the insoluble BaSO₄.

• Barium oxide is used in a coating for the electrodes of fluorescent lamps, which facilitates the release of electrons.
• Barium carbonate is also used in glassmaking. Being a heavy element, barium increases the refractive index and luster of the glass.^[6]
• Barium, commonly as barium nitrate, is used to give green colors in fireworks.^[16] The species responsible for the brilliant green is barium monochloride; in the absence of a source of chlorine a yellow or "apple" green is produced instead.
• Barium peroxide can be used as a catalyst to start an aluminothermic reaction when welding rail tracks together. It can also be used in green tracer ammunition and as a bleaching agent.^[17]
• Barium titanate is a promising electroceramic.
• Barium fluoride is used for optics in infrared applications, since it is transparent from about 0.15 to 12 micrometres.^[18]

 Precautions

Soluble barium compounds are poisonous. At low doses, barium acts as a muscle stimulant, whereas higher doses affect the nervous system, causing cardiac irregularities, tremors, weakness, anxiety, dyspnea and paralysis. This may be due to its ability to block potassium ion channels which are critical to the proper function of the nervous system.^[19] However, individual responses to barium salts vary widely, with some being able to handle barium nitrate casually without problems, and others becoming ill from working with it in small quantities. For example, barium acetate was used by Marie Robards to poison her father in 1993.

Non-toxicity of barium sulfate

Because it is highly insoluble in water as well as stomach acids, barium sulfate can be taken orally. It is eliminated completely from the digestive tract. Unlike other heavy metals, barium does not bioaccumulate. However, inhaled dust containing barium compounds can accumulate in the lungs, causing a benign condition called baritosis.

Thorium is believed that the core of the Earth is a giant Thorium and Uranium reactor. 

Thorium is a silver-gray, radioactive, metallic element. Its atomic number is 90 and its symbol is Th. It was discovered in 1829 by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius. It is the most common of a group of elements called the actinides. It is the 39th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust at 7.2 parts per million (ppm). Other elements in the actinide group are the natural elements uranium and plutonium.

It is also radioactive. The radioactive breakdown of uranium and thorium create the energy that heats the interior of the Earth. Based on the estimates of the abundance of thorium in the Earth’s crust, there is more energy in thorium than in the fossil fuels and uranium combined! In the 1980’s, 45 tons of thorium was used every year. However, it is used less and less because of the state and federal laws about the handling, transportation and disposal of radioactive materials. Its use will most likely continue to decline unless less expensive methods of disposal are developed.

The principal isotope of thorium has a half-life of 14,000,000,000 years.

Thorium and uranium are the only two actinide elements that are found in large enough quantities to mine. Thorium is found in the minerals monazite (rare earth-thorium phosphate) and thorianite (thorium dioxide). To do something about the extinction of the human race contact, the FREEDOM FOUNDATION.

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